雷露 彭納

2015年4月25日14時11分,尼泊爾首都加德滿都在一陣地動山搖之后,隨即被籠罩在了塵埃之中。4年過去,如今的尼泊爾已經(jīng)從那場8.1級的地震中恢復(fù)了平靜,只有杜巴廣場上那些還在修復(fù)重建的寺廟、樓宇,提醒著人們,這里曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的災(zāi)難。
人類擴(kuò)張活動版圖的歷程,也是人類與自然相融相爭的一部史詩。從近兩千年前,被火山付之一炬的龐貝古城;到2004年,印尼北部蘇門答臘島亞齊省海域發(fā)生里氏8.7級地震,引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈海嘯;到2008年5月12日,汶川特大地震留下的傷痛;再到2010年1月,巴基斯坦北部罕薩谷Atabad山體滑坡形成堰塞湖,淹沒數(shù)個村莊和部分喀喇昆侖公路……而這其中,汶川特大地震影響尤為嚴(yán)重,是中華人民共和國成立以來破壞力最大的地震,為此國務(wù)院特批,自2009年起,每年5月12日為全國“防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日”。
從地質(zhì)構(gòu)造及板塊活躍度來看,“一帶一路”沿線國家與地區(qū)地質(zhì)構(gòu)造復(fù)雜、地震活動頻繁,加之受季風(fēng)氣候影響,降水集中且強(qiáng)度高,地震、地質(zhì)、氣象、海洋等自然災(zāi)害極為發(fā)育。據(jù)聯(lián)合國災(zāi)害數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)顯示,“一帶一路”沿線國家相對災(zāi)害損失是全球平均值的2倍以上,災(zāi)害死亡率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于全球平均水平,其中南亞和東亞地區(qū)高出全球平均數(shù)的10倍。
“一帶一路”沿線國家大多是發(fā)展中國家,這些國家應(yīng)該如何提高防災(zāi)減災(zāi)能力,滿足當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展安全需求?各國應(yīng)該如何聯(lián)合行動,開展更加有效的防災(zāi)減災(zāi)行動?
5月11日-12日,“一帶一路”防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展國際學(xué)術(shù)大會上,來自全球40余個國家和地區(qū)的780余名專家學(xué)者齊聚北京,為科學(xué)應(yīng)對“一帶一路”沿線國家共同面對的減災(zāi)需求,推動落實聯(lián)合國《2015-2030年仙臺減少災(zāi)害風(fēng)險框架》《巴黎氣候變化協(xié)議》和《2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》,攜手國際伙伴共建科技協(xié)同減災(zāi)機(jī)制建言獻(xiàn)策。
The history of human’s expansion activities is also a process of integration and struggle between human and nature. About 2,000 years ago, Pompeii was ruined by volcanic eruption; in 2004, a major earthquake of 8.7 magnitude happened in sea area of Aceh, Sumatra in north of Indonesia, triggering strong tsunami; on May 12, 2008, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake jolted China; in January 2010, a landslide happened in Attabad Lake, Gojal Valley in north of Pakistan, submerging several villages and part of China-Pakistan highway. Among those disasters, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was the most devastating. In this connection, the State Council approved May 12 as “Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Day” since 2009.
Judging from the geological structure and plate activity, countries and regions along the Belt and Road (the route) have complex geological structure and frequent seismic activity. These, plus impacts of monsoon climate and intensive and strong precipitation, make those countries and regions vulnerable to earthquake and other natural disasters of geology, meteorology, and marine. According to disaster database of the UN, the relative disaster loss of countries and regions along the route is more than two times of global average, and the disaster mortality is far higher than global average. Moreover, those of South Asia and East Asia are 10 times above global average.
Most of these countries are developing ones. So, what should they do to enhance the capacity of disaster prevention and mitigation and meet local demands for security of economic and social development? What measures should they take to act together and launch more effective disaster prevention and mitigation activities?
On May 11-12, at International Conference on Silk Road Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, some 780-plus experts and scholars from 40-plus countries and regions gathered in Beijing International Convention Center. They offered suggestions and insights on how to tackle with the common disaster mitigation demands of countries and regions along the route, implement the UN’s Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, Paris Agreement, and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and how to co-build a coordinated technological disaster mitigation mechanism together with global partners.
2018年8月12日凌晨,四川茂縣南新鎮(zhèn)牟托村水磨溝組受短時降雨影響,突發(fā)泥石流災(zāi)害,因在災(zāi)害發(fā)生前,監(jiān)測預(yù)警工作及時到位,為緊急避險轉(zhuǎn)移贏得了寶貴時間,共轉(zhuǎn)移240余人,未造成人員傷亡。這次成功的轉(zhuǎn)移是科學(xué)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)的一次有效實踐。
如何利用科學(xué)手段,在防災(zāi)減災(zāi)上提高效率,成為本次大會的一個重要議題。
會上,專家學(xué)者們圍繞災(zāi)害數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查與共享、形成機(jī)理與物理過程、風(fēng)險分析與管理、監(jiān)測及早期預(yù)警、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與應(yīng)急管理、災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建、跨境災(zāi)害風(fēng)險防范、可持續(xù)發(fā)展等議題作了探討,提出要在“一帶一路”框架下,聚焦減災(zāi)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展,充分凝聚國際共識,謀劃減災(zāi)科技合作新路徑,搭建國際協(xié)同減災(zāi)新平臺,致力于促進(jìn)各國更加科學(xué)、更加有效地應(yīng)對重大自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險,為推動沿線國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展、增進(jìn)各國民生福祉給出科技方案,為共建“一帶一路”和促進(jìn)各國共同繁榮提供有力的科技支撐。
在“一帶一路”防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展國際學(xué)術(shù)大會鐵道工程分論壇上,中國中鐵二院工程集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司總經(jīng)理朱穎分享了成蘭鐵路減災(zāi)選線的“中鐵智慧”。
建設(shè)中的成蘭鐵路,位于成都平原向青藏高原邊緣過渡區(qū)——川西北三角形斷塊區(qū),主要構(gòu)造由龍門山褶皺斷裂帶、西秦嶺褶皺斷裂帶和次級岷江斷裂帶組合而成。該區(qū)域位于著名的“南北向地震構(gòu)造帶”的中段,是我國活動斷裂和地震強(qiáng)烈的集中地帶之一。
朱穎介紹說,“山區(qū)鐵路選線,要以規(guī)避、防范鐵路全壽命周期(建設(shè)及運營期間)可能發(fā)生的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害為根本出發(fā)點,降低、減小鐵路工程建設(shè)及營運期間的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險損失。”
因此,在成蘭鐵路施工的過程中,在滿足線路宏觀走向的情況下,為最大限度降低龍門山斷裂帶(束)對線路及工程的影響,規(guī)避沿線不良地質(zhì),避免地震引起的山體失穩(wěn)、泥石流、危巖落石等次生災(zāi)害,線路東移,經(jīng)龍門山前山斷裂破裂的末端、地震次生災(zāi)害相對明顯較輕的間隔性廊道,采取隧道形式大角度穿越龍門山活動斷裂帶,避開岷江河谷下游嚴(yán)重的岸坡穩(wěn)定問題。
在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢下,科技創(chuàng)新是應(yīng)對氣候變化、自然災(zāi)害等全球性問題的重要出路。而成果的共享,則是提升風(fēng)險防控最行之有效的路徑。
當(dāng)中國科學(xué)院院士崔鵬在談起成果共享的話題時,提起了他曾經(jīng)征戰(zhàn)的喀喇昆侖公路。
喀喇昆侖公路是一條連接中國西部與巴基斯坦的交通大動脈,也是世界上平均海拔最高的跨境國際公路之一,地質(zhì)情況極為復(fù)雜,區(qū)域內(nèi)雪崩、泥石流、山體滑坡、塌方等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害頻發(fā)。
復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)條件,意味著無數(shù)的未知風(fēng)險。在公路修建的10余年里,多名中巴建設(shè)者獻(xiàn)出了寶貴的生命。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后,巴基斯坦對這條公路提出了擴(kuò)建升級需求,提高道路的防災(zāi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和通行能力是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
2008年,擴(kuò)建升級項目正式啟動。與建設(shè)之初相比,40年后的施工條件發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化,但巴基斯坦北部的地質(zhì)條件依然給工程帶來巨大挑戰(zhàn)。2010年,項目中段發(fā)生嚴(yán)重山體滑坡,垮塌的半座山截斷了山下的河流,形成20多公里長的堰塞湖。

面對這樣一個堰塞湖,中方團(tuán)隊專門請來了從事泥石流等山地災(zāi)害研究20多年的崔鵬院士,經(jīng)過綜合考察、科學(xué)評估,崔鵬團(tuán)隊提出了堰塞湖改線的應(yīng)對措施,即通過新建5條總長7公里的隧道,同時架設(shè)4座橋梁并鋪設(shè)14公里路面,來解決堰塞湖難題。
2013年11月,除改線段外,喀喇昆侖公路改擴(kuò)建工程一期全部完工。2015年9月,堰塞湖改線工程通過驗收。
氣候變化和災(zāi)害影響是當(dāng)前全球共同關(guān)注的問題,特別是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)可能帶來的災(zāi)害加劇、生態(tài)退化、環(huán)境破壞等影響,除了運用科學(xué)技術(shù)積極應(yīng)對外,也需要國際社會通力合作。
為此,在此次學(xué)術(shù)大會上,由中國科學(xué)院水利部成都山地災(zāi)害與環(huán)境研究所、四川大學(xué)災(zāi)后重建與管理學(xué)院、中國科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所共同發(fā)起的國際減災(zāi)科學(xué)聯(lián)盟正式成立。同時,參會的中外科學(xué)家還共同發(fā)表了《“一帶一路”防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展北京宣言》,提出將共同致力于加強(qiáng)科技及政策交流,推進(jìn)構(gòu)建“一帶一路”自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險防范協(xié)同機(jī)制。
早在2013年,中國科學(xué)院成都山地災(zāi)害與環(huán)境研究所就與意大利國家研究委員會水文地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治研究所達(dá)成共識,建立中意山地災(zāi)害聯(lián)合實驗室。實驗室建成后,先后開展了“滑坡、泥石流監(jiān)測與風(fēng)險管理”等項目研究,為雙邊緊密合作與交流,加強(qiáng)泥石流、滑坡等山地災(zāi)害防治的研究工作打下了堅實基礎(chǔ)。
中科院院士崔鵬在接受記者采訪時表示:“建立聯(lián)合實驗室對提升中意兩國防災(zāi)減災(zāi)的科研水平,促進(jìn)兩國減災(zāi)事業(yè)的發(fā)展和實現(xiàn)科技惠民目標(biāo)均具有重要意義,能有效促進(jìn)兩國互惠共贏!”他認(rèn)為,科學(xué)的防災(zāi)減災(zāi)是沿線國家共同面臨的重大現(xiàn)實問題,也是各國間合作的“最大公約數(shù)”。
中國科學(xué)院院長、“一帶一路”國際科學(xué)組織聯(lián)盟主席白春禮:
科技創(chuàng)新與國際合作對于“一帶一路”沿線國家和地區(qū)攜手應(yīng)對重大自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境安全和實現(xiàn)國際社會經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮與可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。作為中國的科技國家隊,中國科學(xué)院有責(zé)任和義務(wù)為建設(shè)安全、綠色、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的“一帶一路”貢獻(xiàn)科技智慧和力量。
Bai Chunli, President of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chairman of Alliance of International Science Organizations in the Belt and Road Region:
Scientific and technological innovations are of great significance to countries and regions along the route as they seek to tackle with major natural disasters and risks, protect ecological environment and security, and realize economic prosperity and sustainable development of the international community. As a national technological player in China, CAS is duty-bound to offer intelligence and power for the efforts of building a secure, green, sustainable Belt and Road.
中國科學(xué)院院士崔鵬:
絲綢之路是中方和西方文化交融的一個途徑,但是這個地區(qū)自然災(zāi)害類型多樣、頻繁成災(zāi),對人身安全和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展造成了危害,防災(zāi)減災(zāi)是該地區(qū)最基本的需求。我們舉辦防災(zāi)減災(zāi)大會,希望通過國際合作來提升應(yīng)對災(zāi)害的能力。
Cui Peng, Academician of CAS:
Silk Road is a route for cultural fusion between China and the West. Yet this region is vulnerable to varied and frequent natural disasters, which means risks to human safety and social, economic development. Therefore, disaster prevention and mitigation is the basic demand of the region. By hosting the conference, we hope to enhance our capacity in coping with disasters through international cooperation.
生態(tài)環(huán)境部副部長黃潤秋:
由于強(qiáng)烈的構(gòu)造運動、脆弱的生態(tài)環(huán)境,加上頻繁的極端氣候,“一帶一路”沿線許多地區(qū),都受到各種地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的嚴(yán)重威脅,我們需要攜手并進(jìn),加強(qiáng)科技合作,分享不同國家的科技創(chuàng)新成果,構(gòu)建更有效的減災(zāi)平臺。
Huang Runqiu, Vice Minister of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (MEE):
Because of the intense tectonic movement, fragile ecological environment, and frequent extreme climate events, many regions along the route suffer from severe threats of various geological disasters. Therefore, we should join hands to intensify scientific and technological cooperation, and share our scientific and technological results, in a way to build a more effective disaster mitigation platform.
國際地理聯(lián)合會副主席傅伯杰:
從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度出發(fā),希望加強(qiáng)與“一帶一路”沿線國家在防災(zāi)減災(zāi)、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險管理等方面的科技交流,深化合作研究,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮地理科學(xué)及學(xué)術(shù)組織的作用,幫助人們了解和應(yīng)對災(zāi)害及災(zāi)害風(fēng)險。
Fu Bojie, Vice President of International Geographical Union:
From the perspective of sustainable development, we hope to intensify technological exchanges with countries and regions along the route on disaster prevention and mitigation and disaster and risk management. We should deepen research cooperation, give further play to the role of geographical science and academic organizations, and make people learn more about and cope with disasters and risks.
中國中鐵二院工程集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司總經(jīng)理朱穎:
以防災(zāi)減災(zāi)為切入點推進(jìn)“一帶一路”倡議,不僅有助于防范和減少自然災(zāi)害造成的沖擊,維護(hù)國際經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的有序開展,推動“一帶一路”倡議的縱深發(fā)展,也有利于促進(jìn)沿線國家人民的民心相通,加深各國人民間的互信和友誼。
Zhu Ying, General Manager of China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd.:
With disaster prevention and mitigation as a starting point, the efforts of pushing for the Initiative can help prevent and reduce the impacts of natural disasters, safeguard orderly international trade and economic cooperation, motivate the further development of the Initiative, and contribute to closer people-to-people bond among countries along the route and deepen their mutual trust and friendship.
中國中鐵股份有限公司科技與信息化部副部長劉涵寧:
開展“一帶一路”沿線國家防災(zāi)減災(zāi)研究與國際合作,樹立災(zāi)害風(fēng)險意識和綜合防災(zāi)減災(zāi)理念,加強(qiáng)沿線各國在防災(zāi)減災(zāi)領(lǐng)域的溝通交流與合作,建立自然災(zāi)害的監(jiān)測及聯(lián)防機(jī)制,提高沿線國家抵御自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險的能力,對“一帶一路”倡議具有十分重要的意義。
Liu Hanning, Deputy Head of Technology and Informatization Department of China Railway Group Limited:
It is of great significance for us to launch disaster prevention and mitigation research and international cooperation in countries and regions along the route, establish disaster risk awareness and comprehensive concept of disaster prevention and mitigation, intensify communication, exchange and cooperation among these countries on disaster prevention and mitigation, set up monitoring and joint prevention mechanism of natural disasters, and enhance the capacity of these countries in tackling with natural disasters and risks.
聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署政策司災(zāi)害管理處處長亨里克·斯洛特:
氣候變化和災(zāi)害影響是當(dāng)前全球共同關(guān)注的問題,希望國際科學(xué)界攜手合作,共同應(yīng)對災(zāi)害和氣候變化的影響,共享科技創(chuàng)新成果,切實減少各類災(zāi)害風(fēng)險,為實現(xiàn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展和人類生產(chǎn)生活安全貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量。
Henrik Slotte, Chief of the Crisis Management Branch of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):
Climate change and disasters are common concerns for global community. We hope international scientific community work together to cope with the impacts of disasters and climate change, share results of scientific and technological innovations, and reduce the risks of various disasters and risks, so as to contribute intelligence and power for sustainable economic and social development worldwide and for the safety of mankind’s production and life.
聯(lián)合國減災(zāi)署亞太區(qū)項目官員蒂莫西·威爾考克斯:
通過本次大會,希望加強(qiáng)自然災(zāi)害及風(fēng)險管理中的多學(xué)科綜合性研究,為各國有效應(yīng)對災(zāi)害風(fēng)險不斷創(chuàng)造新的解決方案,促進(jìn)2030年全球減災(zāi)目標(biāo)的逐步實現(xiàn)。
Timothy Wilcox, Head of UNISDR’s Sub-Regional Office in the Pacific:
Via this Conference, we expect multi-disciplinary research in natural disaster and risk management. We should provide new solutions for countries to tackle with disasters and risks, so as to gradually realize global disaster mitigation goals of 2030.