論關系從句

摘要：關系從句是英語語法中最重要的語法之一，也是各類考試中必考知識點。

關鍵詞：從句;先行詞;代詞;副詞

一、概述

關系從句也叫定語從句，可分為：限制性關系從句和非限制性關系從句。

（1）限制性關系從句一般都直接置于其修飾的先行詞之后，前面不加逗號，一般由下列關系代詞引導：

（2）非限制性關系從句，用來對前面某一先行詞進行補充說明，或對前面整句話進行評述（后者只能用which來引導），前面須加逗號，一般由下列關系代詞引導：

（3）先行詞是時間、地點、原因，且在從句中作狀語時，分別用關系副詞when，where，why引導。when和where可以用“介詞+which”替換;why的先行詞只能是reason，why可用“for which”代替。

Eg：

①She remembered the day when （=on which） Paul had first walked into her office.

②We then moved to Pairs，where （=in which）we lived for six years.

③This is the reason why （=for which） you should leave.

二、限制性定語從句

（一）只能用that，不用which 引導定語從句的特殊情況

（1）當先行詞是all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，none， few 等不定代詞時。

（2）當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。

（3）當先行詞被no，every，some，any，only，very，much等限定修飾時。

（4）當先行詞既有人又有物時。

（5）當先行詞為主句的表語或關系代詞為從句的表語時。

（6）There be 句型中，當先行詞為物時。

（7）當先行詞前面有who，which，what等特殊代詞時。

Eg：

①All that we need is the support from you.

②The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.

③He is the only person that I want to see.

④The passengers and parcels that filled the car were mixed.

⑤Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.

⑥There is a room in the building that is still free.

⑦Who is the lady that is waiting at the school gate？

（二）只能用which，不能用that導定語從句的特殊情況

（1）which 可以引導非限制性定語從句，that 則不能。

（2）which之前可以接介詞，that 則不能。

（3）當先行詞本身為that時。

Eg：

①He changed his mind，which made me very angry.

②The questions were all on opera， about which I know nothing.

③Whats that which flashed in the shky just now.

（三）準關系代詞as，than，but

as，than，but這幾個連接詞可以像關系詞一樣，前面有名詞作先行詞;但它們后面的定語從句卻不像典型的定語從句。所以這些既像連接詞又像關系詞的詞，稱其為準關系代詞。準關系代詞只有as，than，but，用法如下：

（1）as 主要用在“such （+n）+as”（和….同樣的），“the same（+n）+as”（像….這樣的），the same as，such as，as…as 等結構中：

Eg：

①She has as much money as is required.

②I havent much money but you can use such as I have.

③The town is not the same country as it used to be.

④We do the same work as they do.

（2）than 作為準關系代詞出現在more....than，less...than，fewer...than等結構中，這時than前面要有名詞：

Eg：

①I have more money than is needed.

②Barbara seems to lake a keener interest in piano music than has ever been shown.

（3）But是具有否定意義的準關系代詞代替人或物，在意義上等同于“that/which/who..not”，but前面的主句要有另一個否定意義。

Eg：

①There is no one but is concerned about his future.

②There is nothing but she can do.

三、非限制性定語從句

（一）兩種定語從句關系詞的區別

（1）非限制性定語從句中的關系詞不可省略。

（2）whom在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時不可用who來代替。

（3）非限制性定語從句的先行詞也可為整個主句，此時非限制性定語從句。

常由which引導，還可用in which case，at which point，on which occasion等（從句謂語動，詞要用第三人稱單數）。

Eg：

①A young man had a new girl friend，whom he wanted to impress.

②The son didnt pass the exam，which disappointed him.

③I may have to work late， in which case Ill telephone you.

（二）as與which 引導的非限制性定語從句的區別：

（1）as 只指代整個主句，而which即可指代整個主句也可指代句中的一部分。

（2）as 引導從句時表示“正如”，無具體內容，which引導從句時表示具體的內容。

（3）as 引導的從句位置很靈活，可在主句前面、中間和后面，而which 從句只能放在主句之后。

Eg：

①Air，as is well-known，contains some kinds of gas.

②The night has turned cold，as is usual around here.

③He changed his mind at the last moment，which make me angry.

④I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I apologized.

四、定語從句與同位語從句的區別

二者形式相似，均位于名詞或代詞后，區別為：

（1）前者相當于形容詞，對先行詞加以限制或修飾;后者相當于名詞，對名詞性成分加以補充說明，是具體內容的體現。

（2）前者的關系詞要代替先行詞在從句中作句子適當的句子成分，有時可省略;后者的引導詞不在從句中充當句子成分，但不可省略。

（3）前者不能用whether，how 等連詞引導，后者可以。

Eg：

①The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.（同位語）

②The fact that you are talking about is important.（定語從句）

參考文獻：

[1]伍樂其.專四語法與語匯[M].北京：世界圖書出版公司，2015.

作者簡介：

南玉祥（1979-），男，甘肅天水人，講師，主要從事翻譯和英語語用學研究工作。