趙立英 王敏珍



摘 ?要: 采用人工方式監測輸電線路桿塔接地狀態時,存在測量時間較長,無法及時監測故障點的弊端,因此研究一種輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測方法。分析輸電線路桿塔接地在線監測原理,獲取故障發生時接地電位與入地電流,修正不同形狀接地裝置,利用平均電位求出輸電線路桿塔接地電阻,再計算加入埋深與降阻劑的輸電線路桿塔接地裝置電阻,以及考慮4個基礎接地電阻并聯得到的最終接地電阻;故障檢測器中設定電流數值,若通過該輸電線路桿塔工頻接地電流比設定電流大,則故障指示器提示故障,接地電流短路時,依據差動電路原理通過傳感器確認故障桿塔位置。實驗結果表明,該方法可準確檢測出輸電線路桿塔接地電阻與故障點準確位置,監測電阻誤差均低于0.1 Ω,監測效率高。
關鍵詞: 輸電線路; 桿塔; 接地狀態; 在線檢測; 故障監測; 接地電阻
中圖分類號: TN931+.3?34; TM45 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼: A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文章編號: 1004?373X(2019)12?0100?04
Abstract: In allusion to the disadvantages of long measurement time and inability to monitor the fault points in time when the manual mode is adopted for grounding state monitoring of the power transmission line tower, a grounding state online monitoring method is researched for the power transmission line tower. The principle of grounding online monitoring is analyzed for the power transmission line tower. The grounding potential and grounding current at fault occurrence are obtained. The grounding devices of different shapes are modified. The grounding resistance of the power transmission line tower is solved by using the average potential. The resistance of the grounding device with buried depth and resistance reducing agent added is calculated for the power transmission line tower. The final grounding resistance is obtained by considering the parallel value of four basic grounding resistors. The current value of the fault detector is set. The fault indicator indicates the fault if the power frequency grounding current passing through the power transmission line tower is larger than the set current. The location of the fault tower is determined by the sensor according to the principle of the differential circuit if the grounding current is short?circuited. The experimental results show that the method can accurately detect the grounding resistance of the power transmission line tower and the accurate location of the fault point, and the resistance monitoring errors are all lower than 0.1 Ω, which indicates that the method has a high monitoring efficiency.
Keywords: power transmission line; tower; grounding state; online detection; fault monitoring; grounding resistance
0 ?引 ?言
社會與科技的高速發展大大增加了用電負荷,用電安全逐漸引起人們的重視[1]。輸電線路桿塔的接地電阻直接影響著供電系統安全,輸電線路桿塔接地電阻越小,抗雷擊效果越好,電路受雷擊損害致使跳閘的可能性就越小,因此有效的輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測方法就顯得尤為重要[2]。利用在線監測方法時刻監視接地電阻,發現不合格接地電阻應立刻采取應對措施,可極大地增強輸電線路供電安全性[3];并且有效輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測方法可準確快速檢測出接地短路點,為電路搶修提供寬裕時間[4]。但是當前通常采用人工方式檢測輸電線路桿塔接地狀態,存在測量時間長、無法及時監測到故障點的弊端。因此,本文提出新的輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測方法。
1 ?輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測
1.1 ?輸電線路桿塔接地在線監測原理
輸電線路桿塔接地出現故障情況,流向輸電線路桿塔接地裝置短路電流形成接地電位,公式為:
接地電阻與埋深有一定關系,需要將地表影響考慮進計算內,通過鏡像法將接地裝置地面鏡像設為空間中電阻率等于[ρ]的電流源,具體如圖1所示。

1.2 ?輸電線路桿塔接地故障檢測
輸電線路桿塔接地故障檢測基本原理為,在故障檢測器中設定電流數值,若通過該輸電線路桿塔工頻接地電流比設定電流大,則故障指示器提示故障[13]。在實際應用中若僅以電流閾值判斷故障,容易出現誤檢導致檢測結果不準確,應先研究輸電線路各桿塔電流方向[14],故障接地電路圖如圖2所示。圖2中,[I3I1=1+1+4k2k],當輸電線路桿塔工頻接地電流出現故障時,多數電流流向輸電線路接地故障桿塔兩側的避雷線,少數流向故障桿塔[15]。[k]取值較大時,故障桿塔電流與臨近桿塔電流相比結果約等于1。

接地電流短路時,依據差動電路原理通過傳感器確認輸電線路故障桿塔位置,接地故障指示器工作原理見圖3。

避雷線電流值大小會受兩側電參數影響,兩側傳感器輸出信號合為幅值相同的波形,桿塔正常情況時,桿塔兩側信號為方向相反的同樣大小電流。因此輸入指示器大小接近零,指示器不受影響。桿塔出現故障時桿塔兩側信號為方向相同的同樣大小電流,因此電流增加1倍,指示器發出故障提示。
2 ?實驗分析
為驗證本文方法監測輸電線路桿塔接地狀態情況,將本文方法與三極相位法和鉗表法進行監測對比。選取某供電局10個輸電線路桿塔進行測試。20個輸電線路桿塔基本情況見表1。

測試3種測量方法監測20個輸電線路桿塔接地電阻監測結果見表2。

3種方法監測輸電線路桿塔接地電阻誤差結果見表3。分析表3得出,本文方法監測輸電線路桿塔接地電阻誤差均低于0.1 Ω,而三極相位法與鉗表法監測電阻結果誤差均大于1 Ω,鉗表法監測誤差甚至高于6 Ω。因此可知本文方法監測輸電線路桿塔接地狀態準確,可用在實際桿塔接地狀態在線監測中。

3 ?結 ?論
本文研究的輸電線路桿塔接地狀態在線監測方法可準確監測出輸電線路桿塔接地電阻與故障點,并可以快速反饋給指示器。本文技術不僅適用于普通場所,也適用于出現故障損失巨大的超高壓輸電線路以及人工不方便檢測的各種地質的偏遠山區。經大量實驗結果可知,采用本文方法可以實時準確地監測輸電線路桿塔接地電阻及故障點,減少因雷擊等故障導致輸電線路桿塔跳閘情況,確保輸電線路的正常運行。
注:本文通訊作者為王敏珍。
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