完勝七選五，只需四招鮮

杜銳

七選五題型是高考英語閱讀理解部分的重要內容。它在檢測學生語言能力的基礎上，注重考查學生的思維品質，尤其是邏輯思維水平，因此廣受命題人的青睞。全國卷、北京卷、浙江卷等試卷上均有此題型。如何高效地解決此題，筆者認為以下四招可以助大家一臂之力。

一、分析語篇結構

（一）分析宏觀語篇結構

英語語篇常見的結構有：（1）一般—特殊型;（2）問題—解決型;（3）比較—匹配型;（4）主張—反主張型。

一般—特殊型是七選五題型中最常見、最具代表性的語篇結構，因為七選五題型的語篇多是告訴人們如何學習，如何做事以及如何生活的說明文或議論文，它們多以概括—舉例或整體—細節(jié)形式展開。在作答七選五題型時，如果能在宏觀結構上駕馭語篇，迅速明確主題段與分論段，同時觀察、分析各分論段的修辭特征，以及分論段與主題段的關系，就能夠迅速縮小選擇范圍，進而選定正確答案。通常，與宏觀語篇分析匹配的題目是標題句或段落主題句。

例1.（2018全國卷I）①… But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

② ? ?38 ? ?. Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows， mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. …

③Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas， dinner tables or bookshelves. …

④The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls， ceilings， and floors. …

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解析】段落①可以說是一個總起段落，提出論點：你在顏色方面所做的決定只需包括三方面，即微觀、中觀以及宏觀。接下來段落③④分別闡述了中觀以及宏觀決定，那么可以確定②應該是有關微觀方面的決定，于是可以確定正確答案為D。

（二）分析中觀段落結構

分析中觀段落結構，需要我們明確段落中每一句話的作用，以及句與句之間的關系。這句話是主題句、過渡句還是總結句？這句話與前后句在語義上是否存在聯系？存在什么樣的聯系？通常情況下，語篇會在段落的開頭、中間或末尾設空，意在考查考生對主題句、過渡句以及總結句的識別。

例2.（2018全國卷III） ? 36 ? ?We dance from Florida to Alaska， from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings， birthdays， office parties and just to fill the time.

A. So why do we dance？

B. Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.

C. If you like dancing outdoors， come to America.

D. My older students say it makes them feel young.

E. I keep practicing even when Im extremely tired.

F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

【解析】設空句后面的兩句話形成并列關系，描述“我們”跳舞地域范圍之廣，那么首句作為主題句必定要照應后面的描述。基于此種分析，可以選定正確答案B。

（三）分析微觀句子結構

分析微觀句子結構，主要是看設空句是一個完整的句子，還是僅為這個句子的一部分。如果是后者，就要觀察設空句前后是否有連詞。如果沒有連詞，那么設空句應是短語或是帶有連詞的從句。基于這種分析，考生可以迅速縮小選擇范圍。

例3.（2018全國卷I）Do you want a room thats full of life？ Professional？ Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？ ? 36 ? ， color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. ? 37 ? ， they can get a little complex.

【解析】通過36、37 兩空后的逗點，可以確定這兩個設空句不是完整的句子。進一步觀察，發(fā)現其后的句子沒有連詞，所以兩個設空句必是短語或是帶連詞的從句。這樣可以把選擇范圍縮小到三個選項（其余選項可以參考例1）。

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

二、矚目詞匯復現

詞匯復現是語篇銜接的有效手段。筆者用以下例子說明什么是詞匯復現。

例：This is a boy finishing his homework in the classroom.

①The boy is going to be punished if he doesnt finish the homework. （原詞復現）

②The lad is going to be punished if he doesnt finish the homework. （同義詞復現）

③The child is going to be punished if he doesnt finish homework.（同疇詞復現）

④If unfinished before 7 pm， the relevant materials are too difficult. （同根詞復現）

⑤The teacher also stays， helping others solve the difficult problems. （同主題詞復現）

在上例中，①②③⑤中的畫線詞分別是boy的原詞、同義詞、同疇詞和同主題詞。④中的畫線詞為finishing的同根詞。正是這些詞，使得①②③④⑤與例句形成形式上的銜接，實現語義上的連貫。

這里有必要解釋一下同疇詞與同主題詞。所謂同疇詞，就是指同一范疇里的詞。如fruit，apple，pear，orange都是水果范疇里的詞，其中fruit 是上義詞，apple，pear，orange是下義詞。而同主題詞是指圍繞同一主題在意義上相關聯的詞群，如school，teacher，student，headmaster，class，test，fall，pass，maths，learn等以互補關系構成以學校為主題的詞群;love，kind，hatred，cruel等以反義關系構成以愛或恨為主題的詞群。同主題詞復現在語篇分析學中也稱作詞匯同現。

詞匯復現是語篇銜接的一個重要手段，七選五題型在某種程度上就是考查語篇的銜接與語義的連貫。因此，利用詞匯復現解題十分有效。

例4.（2018全國卷I）Do you want a room thats full of life？ Professional？ Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？ ? 36 ? ， color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

B. Whatever youre looking for

【解析】正確答案B中的looking for 與前一句的looking for形成原詞復現。

例5.（2018湖北省襄陽市元月統考試題）Doing some exercises in the day should help you feel tired. ? ?37 ? ?. However， coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake.

A. A bedtime drink can also help

【解析】正確答案A中的drink與其后的coffee，tea形成了同疇詞復現。

近五年的八套全國新課標考卷共40道題中，有13道題可以利用詞匯復現這一技巧直接選出答案，還有五道題可利用這一技巧將正確答案縮小到兩個選項之內，幾乎一半的題目都可以用這一技巧找到正確答案。

不過，我們在利用詞匯復現這條線索解題時，一定要避免不加思考地選擇有復現詞的選項。有復現詞的選項正確的可能性雖然很大，但不一定就是正確選項。做題時需要將含復現詞的選項代入原文，看該選項與上下文是否語義連貫。語義連貫是確定正確答案的最終依據。

例6.（2018全國卷II） ? ?40 ? ?If you work out bright and early in the morning， you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.

A. You will stick to your diet.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

【解析】不能因為healthy food 的復現就草率地選擇C。在詞匯復現的基礎上，將語義納入考慮，就會知道正確答案應為A。

三、留心代詞照應

代詞，顧名思義，就是代替前面提及的概念。運用代詞，形成照應，其實也是一種詞匯復現。代詞照應在解答七選五題型時利用率非常高，所以筆者將這一解題線索單列出來，希望引起廣大考生的注意。保持對代詞的敏感，能夠有效幫助我們縮小選擇范圍，甚至直接鎖定正確答案。

常見的代詞有：人稱代詞he， it，they等;指示代詞this， these，those等;不定代詞some，all，both等。同學們在瀏覽選項以及原文時，應該留心代詞，及時圈劃出來，并思考其與所指代對象的人稱和數量是否保持一致。

例7.（2018全國卷I）Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. ? 37 ?， ?they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

A. While all of them are useful. （其余選項可以參考例1）

【解析】在解答七選五題型時，建議考生先瀏覽選項，充分利用選項信息進行激活圖式，猜測主題。在瀏覽選項時，注意標出代詞。像上例中，同學們應該注意到A選項中的them，帶著“這個them 指代什么”的問題，可以迅速實現與上文中techniques的對接。

四、注重邏輯關系

句間邏輯關系，也是解答七選五題型的重要線索。通常，句間邏輯關系有三種：順逆關系、解釋關系、因果關系， 相應的邏輯關聯詞如下。

順逆 順 and， also， too， besides， similarly， furthermore， moreover， in addition， whats more， then ， first， second

逆 but， however， though， yet， instead， nevertheless， unfortunately， on the contrary， on the other hand， otherwise， by contrast， rather than， in spite of

解 釋 in other words， that is to say，that means， in fact，actually， as a matter of fact， frankly speaking， to be honest， in this case， for example， such as

因 果 because（of）， for， since， as， thus， so， therefore， consequently， accordingly， thats why， due to， thanks to， as a result

同學們在解題時，對這些邏輯詞要敏感，進而確定與邏輯匹配的信息。下面，筆者以實例說明。

（一）順逆關系

順逆關系即順承與逆轉。具體而言，順承關系包括并列與遞進，逆轉關系則包括轉折與對比。

例8.（2017北京卷）When lab rats are not allowed to sleep， they die within a month. ?71

A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B. Its as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C. Similarly， when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.

D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E. Thats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning”， says Giulio Tononi， who developed the idea.

G. Tononis team measured the size of these connections， or synapses， in the brains of 12 mice.

【解析】瀏覽選項，需關注C選項中表示順承關系的副詞similarly。閱讀該詞后的句子，可得知信息是“人不睡覺，就會生病”，這剛好是對設空句前面信息“老鼠不睡覺，一個月就會死”的順承。

例9.（2017全國卷I）Campers， in my eyes， were people who enjoyed insect bites， ill-cooked meals， and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. ? ?36

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip then took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解析】瀏覽選項，需關注D選項中表示轉折關系的副詞however。 閱讀該詞前面的句子，可得知信息剛好與設空句前面的信息構成轉折關系，同時與下文形成照應。

（二）解釋關系

解釋的形式多樣，但就其本質而言無非是思維上的形象（例子、類比等）和抽象（觀點）的辯證關系，用到的思維過程無非就是基本的歸納（從形象到抽象）和推理（從抽象到形象）。

例10.（2008寧夏海南卷）Whenever or however you take notes， keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process. 73

A. Use words， not complete sentences.

B. There are three practical note-taking methods.

C. You must write your notes on separate paper.

D. Otherwise， you may not be able to read your notes later.

E. You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G. First， the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

【解析】以that means 表示解釋關系的F選項正好與前文銜接，故為正確答案。

（三）因果關系

根據因果邏輯詞，可以判斷出是前因后果還是前果后因，進而根據給出信息，擇定相關信息。

例11.（2017北京卷）One idea is that sleep helps us strength- en new memories. ? ?72

E. Thats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.（其余選項參考例8）

【解析】E選項中的thats why 正好匹配了其前后信息的因果關系，故為正確答案。

以上四條線索便是筆者覺得可以有效解答七選五題型的利器。這里筆者再用思維導圖總結一下。

值得注意的是：設空句的選定依據有時不是單一的線索，而是上述四條線索中某幾條相互融合。大家對上述四招越熟悉，解題時的觀察力、敏感度、周全率越高，正確率也就越高。祝大家完勝七選五，決勝在高考！