故紙重光：修復中的明末刻本《忠義水滸傳》

Article | Ren Jing Figures | You Yu

◇ 文| 任 競 圖| 游 宇

重慶圖書館肇始于1947年成立的國立羅斯福圖書館，是國家一級圖書館，也是全國首批古籍重點保護單位，珍藏古籍三萬余部，四十五萬冊（件），有217部古籍入選“國家珍貴古籍名錄”。其中如唐寫本《大般若波羅蜜多經》、宋刻本《名公增修標注隋書詳節二十卷》、元至正翠巖精舍刻本《國朝文類七十卷》、元廣勤書堂刻本《集千家注分類杜工部詩二十五卷文集二卷》、傅增湘舊藏清精抄本《明季郡國利病全書一百二十卷》等等，都是海內外珍稀少見的名槧精抄，具有極高的文物文獻價值。

Chongqing LibraryStarted from the National Roosevelt Library established in 1947, it is a National First-Class Library and also one of the first batch of key national protection units for ancient books. It collects more than 30,000 ancient books and 450,000 volumes (pieces), and 217 ancient books are selected as the “National Directory of Precious Ancient Books”: among them, the handcopied book of Tang DynastyMahāpraj āpāramitāsūtra, the block-printed edition of Song DynastyMing Gong Amended and Annotated the Abridged Edition Book of Sui Twenty Volumes, the block-printed edition of Cuiyanjingshe during Zhizheng of Yuan DynastyCollection of Poems and Essays of Yuan Dynasty Seventy Volumes, the block-printed edition of Guangqin ancient academy of Yuan DynastyJi -Categorized Du Fu’s Poems Twenty Volumes and Prose Two Volumes with Collected Annotations, the fine hand-copied book of Qing DynastyComplete Book on Status of Nation of Ming Dynasty One Hundred and Twenty Volumespreviously collected by Fu Zengxiang and so on, which are all rare and precious fine block-printed editions and copies at home and abroad, with extremely high values of cultural relics and literature.

文物檔案《忠義水滸傳》一百回，明施耐庵撰，明末刻本，存八十一回，十六冊。版框縱21cm，橫14.5cm，開本縱25.3cm，橫16.5cm。半葉十行，行二十二字。白口，單魚尾，四周單邊，無格。行間刻有批點，天頭刻有評語。版心上刻“水滸傳”，魚尾下刻回數，版心下方刻葉數。鈐“重園珍藏”“重威將軍”印，唐式遵舊藏。

Cultural relic archivesLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshone hundred chapters, written by Shi Nai'an of Ming Dynasty, late Ming Dynasty block-printed edition,eighty one chapters and sixteen volumes survive.The chase runs 21cm vertically, 14.5cm horizontally,and the book size runs 25.3cm vertically, 16.5cm horizontally. Each half leaf has ten lines, and each line has twenty two characters. Baikou (a format of block-printed edition, where central folding part of book is blank), Danyuwei (or single fish tail, refers to the single line at center point of the type area),single frame line, and no character cell. There is punctuation between lines and remarks at the head margin. "Shuihuzhuang (Outlaws of the Marsh)"is printed on the type area, chapter number is printed under the fish tail, and the number of leaves(page) is printed under the type area. The book is stamped with "Chongyuan Collection" and "General Chongwei", which indicate it was previously collected by Tang Shizun.

舊藏識新珍 Newly Recognized Treasure from Old Collection

在很長的一個時期，和其他典籍相比，《水滸傳》之類的古代小說在民間都是作為通俗讀物而存在的。這部殘本《忠義水滸傳》在重圖的無數珍籍中能占一席之地，又有何“過人之處”呢？

此書原為唐式遵舊藏。唐式遵是川軍高級將領，與劉湘、林森、潘文華等都是四川陸軍速成學堂同學，官至陸軍二級上將，早年曾兼任重慶市政督辦，及渝（重慶）簡（簡陽）公路局局長，主持修建了簡陽—重慶公路，對重慶市政頗有貢獻。全國解放前夕，唐式遵當了個有名無實的四川省主席，負隅頑抗，1950年命喪西康，成為在整個解放戰爭中被擊斃的國民黨軍軍階最高者。此人雖無甚將才，卻頗喜文翰，收藏甚富，死后其所藏大量古籍、碑帖入藏西南人民圖書館（今重慶圖書館）。因其在川軍內戰中曾被授重威將軍號，故藏書鈐有“重威將軍”印。

↓ 古籍修復前需要整理頁面

2007年，國家古籍保護中心啟動 “中華古籍保護計劃”，開展古籍普查。重慶圖書館歷經十年完成本市普查，并陸續出版了包括《重慶圖書館古籍普查登記目錄》等成果。由于這次普查,每一部書都直接按原書整理登記，所以在這樣的摸底中，殘本《忠義水滸傳》在入藏半個多世紀后，又有了新的發現。

據此前的調查，比如《中國古籍善本書目》《中國古籍總目》等當前最重要的大型古籍書目記載，這種一百回的明末刻本《忠義水滸傳》，僅國家圖書館和重慶圖書館各藏有一部殘本，重圖藏本存六十八回，可見相當珍稀。

但通過這次普查逐冊清點，發現重慶圖書館所藏實際存有八十一回，回目為五至十、二十二至四十、四十五至一百，比此前著錄多出了十三回，更遠勝國家圖書館所藏的四十四回。古籍文獻，哪怕多出一紙一字，往往就有獨特的珍貴之處，因此這新發現的十三回，更增添了此本《忠義水滸傳》的文獻價值，也為學術界研究《水滸傳》提供了最新的信息。

For a long period of time, compared with other ancient books, ancient novels such asOutlaws of the Marshhave been regarded as popular literature among the people. This aberrant copy ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshhas a place among the numerous rare collections of books in Chongqing Library, what on earth makes it "stand out"?

The book was previously collected by Tang Shizun. Tang Shizun was a senior military leader of the Sichuan Army, a classmate of the Sichuan Army Accelerated School with Liu Xiang, Lin Sen and Pan Wenhua, and was appointed secondrank general of the army. In his early years, he was also the superintendent of Chongqing municipal administration and the director of the Public Road Bureau of Chongjian (Chongqing and Jianyang). He presided over the construction of the Jianyang-Chongqing highway and made great contributions to Chongqing's municipal administration. On the eve of the national liberation, Tang Shizun became minimal chairman of Sichuan Province, put up a desperate struggle but was killed in Xikang in 1950,becoming the highest ranking leader of Kuomintang army killed in the entire War of Liberation. Although he was not so talented as a military leader, he was quite fond of culture and literature and had a very rich collection. After his death, a large number of ancient books and inscriptions he collected were admitted to People's Library of Southwest China(today's Chongqing Library). He was given the rank of "General Chongwei" in the civil war of the Sichuan Army, so the collection of books were affixed with the seal of "General Chongwei".

↑ 修復前的《忠義水滸傳》

↓ 修復好后裝訂成冊

In 2007, the National Ancient Books Protection Center launched the "Chinese Ancient Books Protection Plan" to carry out a general survey of ancient books.Chongqing Library has completed the general survey in the city over ten years and has published successively such achievements asRegistration Catalog of Ancient Books Survey of Chongqing Library.Since every book in this survey was directly sorted and registered according to the original book, in such a thorough investigation, the aberrant copy ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwas made with new discoveries after more than half a century of its admission.

According to previous surveys, such asBook List of Good Editions of Ancient Books in ChinaandThe General Catalog of Ancient Books in China, the most import bibliographies of ancient books at present, such one-hundred-chapter late Ming Dynasty blockprinted edition ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwas only collected with one aberrant copy each by the National Library and Chongqing Library whose collection has only sixty eight chapters left, which is quite rare.

However, through the book-by-book inventory of the survey, it was found that the cope of the Chongqing Library actually has eighty one chapters left, chapters ranging from 5 to 10, 22 to 40, 45 to 100, an increase of 13 chapters over the previous records and far better than the 44 chapters collected in the National Library. Ancient books and documents often have unique and precious value even if one page or character is added, so the newly discovered thirteen chapters add more literature value to the bookLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshand also provide the latest information for academic community to research onOutlaws of the Marsh.

珍本待研究 Rare Book to Be Studied

此本《忠義水滸傳》第一冊回目之后，全為繡像圖畫，每一幅都構圖精致，刻畫人物情態豐富，毫發畢現，印面十分清晰。結合全書印面，相信應是書板刻成不久后的初印本，更可見重圖藏本的文物價值與藝術價值。而且國圖存第一至四十四回，與重圖藏本相拼，恰好可以合為一部百回完本。若能合璧影印，將十分有利于《水滸傳》更加深入的研究，也將成為古籍整理的一項新成果，頗具意義。

但這部藏本破損嚴重，難以供人閱覽，更無法影印出版。所以雖然已有不少書目和學者的論著提及此本，但它的清晰面貌始終未能為人所識，仍有太多懸疑未解。

比如它的版本系統。古代小說在流傳過程中往往會衍生出多個情節與文字存在差異的版本，古籍版本研究除了能追本溯源，也能為相關學術研究提供可靠的依據。在我國四大文學名著中，《水滸傳》版本是最復雜的，除了成書與刊刻出版的年代等因素外，還因有繁本與簡本兩個版本系統?？傮w而言，繁本文繁事簡，描寫細膩、文筆流暢、藝術價值很高；簡本文簡事繁，文字描寫粗略、潤色簡單、藝術水準較低，情節梗概雖與繁本相近，卻也有一些如“征田虎、王慶”的獨特情節。

目前僅知重圖藏本屬于繁本系統，但與其他的百回本存在著哪些差異，產生的時間孰先孰后，這些都必須要經過詳細全面的文字校勘后才能論定。再如，此本行間的批點、天頭的評語，是否與著名的李卓吾評點具有關系，如否，則是何家評點？如是，則是否完全相同？這許多問題，至今都無法明確。這就亟需我們將這部珍貴典籍修復出來，使它發揮應有的價值。

↑ 修復前的《忠義水滸傳》

↓ 修復好后裝訂成冊

After the first volume, other volumes of thisLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshesare fully illustrated, each of which have a delicate composition, well depicted characters in great details and clearly printed surfaces. Combined with the printed surfaces of the book, it is believed that it should be the initial printed version shortly after the book tablets were carved, which shows the higher cultural relic and artistic values of this Chongqing Library's collection.Moreover, if the chapter one to forty-four of the National Library's collection can be combined with Chongqing Library's collection, they will make a complete edition of 100 chapters. If combined and photocopied, it will be very beneficial to the further study ofOutlaws of the Marsh, and will become a new achievement in the collation of ancient books, which is of great significance.

However, this collection is seriously damaged and is difficult for people to read, let alone copy and publish. Therefore, although many bibliographies and academic works have mentioned this book, its clear features have not been known by people, and there are still too many unsolved puzzles.

For example, its version system. In the circulating process of ancient novels, there are often many versions with different plots and characters. In addition to tracing back to the source, the study of ancient versions can also provide reliable basis for relevant academic research. Among the four master pieces of literature in China, the version ofOutlaws of the Marshis the most complicated, apart from the factors such as the time of completion, cutting blocks and publication, there are also two version systems: the complete version and the simplified version. On the whole,this complete version is complete in text but simple in plots, with exquisite description, smooth writing and high artistic value; while the simplified version is simple in text but complicated in plots, with simple description and embellishment but low artistic standard, and although the plot outline is similar to the complete version, it also has unique plots such as "waging a punitive expedition on Tian Hu and Wang Qing".

At present, it is only known that the collected copy of Chongqing Library belongs to the complete version system, but what are the differences from other versions with hundred chapters, and which came first and which came after, all of which can be determined only after detailed and comprehensive literal emendation. Another example is whether punctuation between lines and the remarks at the head margin of this copy are related to remarks of the famous Li Zhuowu, and if not, whose remarks are they? If so, are they exactly the same? Many of these problems are still unclear. This requires us to repair this precious ancient book and make it play its due role.

妙手賦新生 Skilled hand makes new life

承擔這部《忠義水滸傳》修復工作的，是國家級古籍修復技藝傳習中心重慶傳習所的傅曉嵐老師及其修復團隊。傅老師師從全國著名修復專家趙嘉褔先生，從事古籍修復已有十余年，技藝精湛，深受好評。

每一部古籍在修復前，都會先由修復師仔細“診斷”，制定出相應的修復方案，然后將修復前的狀態掃描存檔，以確?？茖W規范。這部《忠義水滸傳》，破損狀況已十分嚴重，主要有鼠嚙、蟲蛀、殘破、霉斑、污漬等問題，所以在修復中將會格外謹慎、講究。修復所用的漿水，都由傅老師每天親手調制，所用補紙，也要根據原書紙張專門選配，要以較原書薄而顏色略淺為宜。每一張書葉的去污、溜口、補洞、襯紙，則更是要小心翼翼，力求精準，有些殘破紙片的拼接，還要和專門從事古籍整理研究的人員相互討論，確保每一張小小的紙片都能夠恢復到它應有的位置。

目前，十六冊中已經完成了三冊的修復。相信數月之后，一部容光煥發的明末刻本《忠義水滸傳》將會重新以四百年前的清晰容顏，展現在我們面前。

The restoration of thisLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshis being undertaken by Mr. Fu Xiaolan, a teacher from the Chongqing Education Institute, a national training center for ancient books restoration techniques, and his restoration team. Mr. Fu Xiaolan has learned for Mr. Zhao Jiafu, a famous national restoration specialist, who has been engaged in restoration of ancient books over ten years and widely acclaimed for his exquisite craftsmanship.

Before each ancient book is repaired, the restorer will determine the corresponding restoration plan after careful "diagnosis", and then scan and archive the state before restoration to ensure scientific standardized restoration. This copy ofLoyalty and Outlawsof the Marshes has been seriously damaged,mainly including mouse bite, worm damage,broken, mildew spot, stain, etc., so it will take special care and measures in restoration. The pulp glue used for the repair is prepared by Mr. Fu himself every day. The paper used for the repair should also be specially selected according to the original book paper, which should be thinner and slightly lighter than the original book. The decontamination,trimming type area, hole filling and lining of each page should be done with great care and precision.Some pieces of broken paper should be spliced through discussions with personnel specialized in ancient book sorting to ensure that each small piece of paper can be restored to its proper position.

At present, three of the sixteen volumes have been repaired. It is believed that in a few months' time,a radiant late Ming block-printed edition ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwill reappear in front of us with a fresh appearance like four hundred years ago.