吳濤



一、陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣
語氣是動詞的不同形式,用來表達說話人對所說的情況的不同態度。在英語中有三種語氣,即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。
陳述語氣表示說話人認為他所說的話是一個事實。
Lei Feng is a helpful person and we should learn from him.雷鋒助人為樂,我們應該向他學習。
He prefers classic music to pop songs.他喜歡古典音樂不喜歡流行歌曲。
祈使語氣表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。
Dont be late again next time! 下次不要再遲到了!
Do be careful while crossing the street.過馬路時千萬要小心。
虛擬語氣是表示假定、主觀愿望的動詞形式,虛擬語氣主要用于非真實條件句中。
二、虛擬語氣用于非真實條件句中
包含條件從句的句子稱為條件句,條件句有兩種:真實條件句與非真實條件句。當假定的條件有可能實現時,為真實條件句,句中用陳述語氣。當假定的情況與事實相反或發生的可能性不大時,為非真實條件句,句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。
1. 如果所提到的假設與現在的情況相反,其謂語動詞形式為:
if從句主句
一般過去時(動詞be皆用were)would, should, might, could+動詞原形
If John were here, I should be glad.如果約翰在這兒,我會很高興的。
If people drove more slowly, there wouldnt be so many accidents.如果人們開車慢一些,就不會有這么多交通事故。
2. 如果所提出的假設與過去情況相反,其謂語動詞形式為:
if從句主句
過去完成時(had+過去分詞)would, should, might, could+ have+過去分詞
【高考真題】
1) They might have found a better hotel if they _______?a few more kilometers. (2018北京卷13)
A. drove?B. would drive
C. were to drive?D. had driven
【解析】 D。首先排除B。因為would be應該用在主句中。A. drove與現在事實相反;C. were to drive與將來事實相反。根據主句謂語動詞might have found,應該是與過去事實相反,選D。
2) If the new safety system ????to use, the accident would never have happened.(2017北京卷34)
A. had been put?B. were put
C. should be put?D. would be put
【解析】 A。句意:如果這個新的安全系統被投入使用過的話,這個事故就不會發生了。根據主句確定是對過去情況的虛擬,所以從句用had done形式,system與put to use是動賓關系,故選A。
3) Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you_______?me, I could have helped.(2016北京卷34)
A. told?B. had told
C. were to tell?D. would tell
【解析】 B。前面的特殊疑問句用的是一般過去時,與過去事實相反,條件句用had done。
4) I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one, I______?.(2016天津卷15)
A. were injured
B. would be injured
C. had been injured
D. would have been injured
【解析】 D。句意:我當時系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶,我就會受傷了。根據if條件句用的had done可知,主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬,而且I和injure是被動關系。故選D。
3. 如果所提出的假設在將來沒有多大可能實現,其謂語動詞形式為:
if從句主句
should+動詞原形;were to+動詞原形;動詞的過去式would, should, might, could+ have+過去分詞
If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.如果你明天來,我就有時間見你。
If I missed the film tonight, I would feel sorry for it.如果我今晚錯過這部電影,我會感到遺憾。
4. 有時候,條件從句與主句的動作發生的時間不一致,此時各句中的謂語動詞要根據它們各自所表示的時間加以調整。
If I were you, I would have gone shopping with her.如果我是你,我就和她購物去了。
【高考真題】
1) If we ______the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.(2018天津卷15)
A. had caught?B. caught
C. have caught?D. would catch
【解析】 A。首先排除C。然后排除D. would catch用于主句中,與現在事實相反。再排除B. caught與現在事實相反。條件狀語從句中有明顯的時間狀語yesterday,與過去事實相反,所以選A。
2) If it ______?for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.(2016江蘇卷27)
A. had not been
B. should not be
C. were not to be
D. should not have been
【解析】 A。句意:如果不是因為前幾天他的邀請,我現在就不會在這里了。條件句中the other day前幾天,表示與過去事實相反,用had done, 所以選A。
5. 在正式文體中,連詞if 有時可以省略,而將were, had, should這一類詞提到句首,構成部分倒裝。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(=If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home)如果明天下雨,我們就待在家里。
【高考真題】
1) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS?related deaths ______since their highest in 2005. (2016天津卷15)
A. had not fallen?B. would not fall
C. did not fall?D. would not have fallen
【解析】 D。句意:如果政府和科學家不共同努力,與艾滋病相關的死亡人數就不會從2005年的最高點下降。if條件句用的had done,而且省略if, 將had 提前,主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬。故選D。
2) ?______not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty. (2017江蘇卷22)
A. It were?B. Were it
C. It was?D. Was it
【解析】 B。在虛擬語氣中,與現在事實相反,be動詞統一用were,虛擬語氣的省略形式主要是把if省略,同時把were / should / had提前,即Were / Should / Had I...,故選B。
6. 含蓄條件
有時假設的情況沒有用if從句表示出來,而是通過without, but for等介詞引導的短語或是由副詞otherwise,連詞but等引導的短語或上下文表示出來,這種情況稱為含蓄條件。
Without a solid industrial foundation, this change could not have taken place.(=If there had not been for a solid industrial foundation, this change could not have taken place.)沒有堅實的工業基礎,這種變化是不可能發生的。
But for your help, we could not have succeeded in our exam.(=If there had not been for your help, we could not have succeeded in our exam.=If you had not helped us, we could not have succeeded in our exam.)要是沒有你的幫助,我們不會考得這么好。
—Why didnt you help them?
—I would have but I didnt have money.(=I would have helped them if I had had money.)
【高考真題】
—Do you have Bettys phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______?able to reach her yesterday.(2017天津卷15)
A. hadnt been?B. wouldnt have been
C. werent?D. wouldnt be
【解析】 B。句意:——你有貝蒂的電話號碼嗎? ——有。否則我昨天就聯系不到她了。此處otherwise(否則)相當于一個條件狀語從句,由yesterday可知本句對過去進行虛擬,由此可以判斷出主句用wouldnt have done,故選B。
三、虛擬語氣用于其他從句中
1. 用在表示建議、命令、要求等的從句中
在一些動詞,如:advise, ask, command, desire, demand, insist, propose, order, recommend, request, suggest, require等所引導的賓語從句中,或是“it is+該類動詞的過去分詞”所引導主語從句中,或是由該類動詞的同源名詞所引導的表語從句和同位語從句中,均用虛擬語氣,其動詞形式為should+動詞原形。在現代英語中,尤其是美式英語中,should 經常被省略,而用動詞原形。
They requested that she (should) sing an English song.他們請她唱一首英文歌曲。
The demand is that the troops (should) withdraw at once.要求部隊立即撤退。
It is desired that he (should) get everything ready by ten oclock.要求他到10點鐘將一切準備好。
但是,當這一類動詞不是表示建議、命令、要求的意思時,則用陳述語氣。
He insisted that Johns idea was wrong.他堅持認為約翰的想法是錯誤的。
Her face suggested that she was very angry.她的面部表情說明她很生氣。
2. 用于wish后面的賓語從句中
在表示與現在事實相反的愿望時,wish后面的賓語從句要用過去時(動詞be用were);表示與過去事實相反的愿望時,從句用過去完成時;表示將來不大可能實現的愿望時,從句用would + 動詞原形。
He wishes that he had paid more attention to English then.他希望當時多注意一點英語就好了。
I wish that the rain would stop soon.我希望雨馬上會停掉。
【高考真題】
There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ______a second chance to become more involved.(2018江蘇卷27)
A. had?B. will have
C. would have had?D. have had
【解析】 A。根據and前面的句子來判斷,應該理解成與現在事實相反,要用一般過去時,所以選A。
另外,在it is wished that后面所跟的主語從句中,以及wish用作名詞時所引導的表語從句或同位語從句中,也要用虛擬語氣,動詞形式同上面。
Smiths wish was that he had paid more attention to English when in college.史密斯希望上大學時多加注意英語。
另外,if only引導的感嘆句相當于how I wish+賓語從句。這種感嘆句中的動詞形式與wish引導的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。
If only you had come!
3. 用于as if / as though引導的從句中
在as if / as though引導的從句中,謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣,其變化形式與wish后面從句中動詞的變化形式相同。
He talks as if he knew all about it.他講起話來似乎對此事全都知道。
I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.我對整個事情記憶猶新。
但是,當as if / as though引導的從句表示有很大的可能性或真實性時,其謂語動詞可以用陳述語氣。
It looks as if our side is going to win.
4. 用于in case, lest, for fear that引導的從句中
這一類從句用來表示“以防、以免”等意思,從句中的動詞形式多為should+動詞原形。在這一類從句中,should一般是不能省略的,但是在lest, for fear that引導的從句中,should有時可以省略。
I wont make any noise, for fear that I (should) disturb you.
Put on your coat lest you (should) catch cold.
但在in case從句中,可以不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣,表示可能性較大。試比較:
Ill get some beer in case my uncle John comes.(他或許會來)
Ill get some beer in case my uncle John should come.(可能性很小)
5. 用于it is (high / about) time所跟的從句中
在it is (high / about) time之后的從句中用虛擬語氣,表示該做而未做的事,其動詞形式用過去式或者should+動詞原形。
It is time that the children went to bed.孩子們該上床睡覺了。
6. 用于would (had) rather, would prefer引導的從句中
在would (had) rather, would prefer引導的從句中,常用虛擬語氣來表示愿望或婉轉的責備。在表示現在或將來的情況時,從句中動詞形式為過去式;在表示過去情況時,則用過去完成時。
Id rather you told her the bad news some other day because today is her birthday.真希望你再找一天把這壞消息告訴她,因為今天是她的生日。
I would rather you had come yesterday.你昨天來就好了。
7. 用于 “its+某些形容詞+that從句”結構中的主語從句中
虛擬語氣在這種結構中使用時,從句中的動詞形式為should (可省略) + 動詞原形。
常用在這種結構中的形容詞有:strange, advisable, desirable, essential, important, natural, necessary, surprising, urgent, vital等。
【高考真題】
Its strange that he ______have taken the books without the owners permission. (2018江蘇卷24)
A. would?B. should
C. could?D. might
【解析】 B。