一座紅糖工坊的文化試驗

諸蕓

松陽的土地很神奇，會長出鄉村振興的希望之花。

浙江松陽縣興村的紅糖工坊，就是其中一朵，開得熱鬧。

在2019年WIA年度建筑師獎和Moira Gemmill新興建筑獎全球45歲以下女性建筑師頂級獎項中，中國女建筑師徐甜甜以浙江松陽的紅糖工坊項目入圍。

紅糖工坊，顧名思義，是以紅糖為題，展開了設計的想象。

歷史悠久的松陽縣，位于浙江省西南部麗水市。松陽縣域范圍內保留有上百個古村落，為中國傳統村落保護發展示范縣，被譽為“最后的江南秘境”。

如果時間退回到2017年之前，位于縣內大木山茶園附近的樟溪鄉興村還不是如今這個樣子。紅糖是興村重要的產業，村民至今保留著已有上百年歷史的古法工藝制紅糖傳統，每年的深秋季節，甘蔗收割下來，被熬制成濃稠的紅糖，香噴噴、甜滋滋，興村出產的紅糖在周邊地區很受歡迎。

也因為紅糖，以此為生的當地村民有了經濟來源，很多村民有了積蓄，就開始改善居住條件，新建了許多三四層的樓房，但這對于原本傳統風貌完整的興村而言，帶來了一定的破壞。與仍然保留大量夯土墻傳統民居、處于“空心狀態”的傳統村落不同，興村這樣的水泥樓房和夯土墻民居并存的村莊，可能并不具備評選傳統村落的風貌條件，卻保留著活躍的傳統業態，擁有穩定人口。這樣一個新舊并存的村莊，其實蘊含著不少發展的力量。

轉變，也悄悄發生在這一年。

這一年，著名建筑設計師徐甜甜所在的DnA建筑事務所開始進入這片土地。一座傳承村莊內核文化傳統元素的紅糖工坊，開始在這批優秀的建筑師心中醞釀。

建筑師相信，即使建筑“硬件”不再嶄新，人文“軟件”上的豐富生機仍可以重新給村莊注入活力。

在這片傳承了幾百年紅糖產業的土地上，設計建造一座全新的紅糖工坊，這個想法聽著就讓人激動。

新的紅糖工坊，將完全摒棄原來村子里隨處可見的紅糖家庭作坊——

這些小作坊基本是由簡陋的輕鋼棚架搭建，管理雜亂無章，而且衛生條件不好，也構成村里的火災隱患。

它有著超乎人們想象的外觀——

紅糖工坊建筑體分為南北兩部分：由紅磚圍合的北側與甘蔗地相鄰，用來堆放甘蔗和作為后勤服務;南側的視線朝向村莊與田野，成為開放的紅糖生產展示區。

三個挑高的輕鋼體，好像從田野里自然生長出來的三個現代文明體，讓這座全新的工坊在這片盛產甘蔗的地里顯得并不突兀。

工坊里三個挑高的輕鋼體分別被作為休閑體驗區、甘蔗堆放區以及帶有六個灶臺三十六口鍋的傳統紅糖加工區。環繞這三個區塊的線性走廊，成為紅糖生產劇場的環形看臺和參觀流線。

興村紅糖工坊成了一個“田野間的夢想天地”——它既能容納當地村民們習以為常的生產活動和生活現場，同時它又像一件藝術品，既具備視線開放的空間設計，也能讓生產現場變得如同戲劇表演現場，對外、對內均成了對場景、田園和現場的展示。

這座工坊，強調著傳統文化的價值，可謂是活態展示的博物館。工坊的表演性、展示性賦予了它“舞臺”的性質，既是村莊生產活動的舞臺，也是鄉村生活、田園詩意疊加的舞臺。

從某種程度上來說，新的紅糖工坊傳承了村莊內核的傳統文化元素，體現了其內在的文化價值，也展示了興村不同于其他古村落的獨特特征。兼具紅糖生產廠房、村民活動和文化展示等功能的興村紅糖工坊，成為一處銜接村莊和田園的重要場所——當地的村民田間勞作之余可以在此休憩，外來的游客也可在此體驗田園詩意。

你可以感受到這座現代工坊，蘊含著強大的文化內核。

紅磚、竹子……是當地常見的建筑材料，都被納入了設計之中。纖細的竹條整齊地排列成格柵，不僅提供遮陽，也強調了“灰空間”的半室外特質。紅色的磚則給人一種紅糖般的溫暖感受。

興村紅糖工坊投入使用后，極大地改善了原本傳統小作坊式的生產條件，促進傳統紅糖加工走向產業化加工，帶動相關產業，實現“吃——品紅糖，住——紅糖特色民宿，游——甘蔗田風景，購——傳統紅糖產品，娛——體驗紅糖加工”的紅糖旅游系統。這些提高了村民收入，增加了村民的文化自信。

如今，紅糖工坊作為興村的公共文化場所，已經舉辦多場木偶戲演出及體驗傳承活動，契合了建筑師希望拓展工坊功能作為劇場空間的設計意圖。

就這樣，這座蘊含著濃濃糖香味道的工坊，好像夢中小時候的家鄉，也攜帶著濃濃的鄉愁滋味，走進了人們的視線。

（本文圖片除署名外由王子凌攝）

Brown Sugar? Factory in Songyang

By Zhu Yun

The year 2017 marked the beginning of great architectural changes in rural Songyang when Xu Tiantian， an architect based in Beijing， arrived at the county of mountains in the south of Zhejiang. Since then she has populated the rural areas with a series of projects that have put a new face to the rural villages in Songyang and put Songyang on the world map of new architecture. For what she has done in Songyang， Xu Tiantian is the winner of the Moira Gemmill Prize for Emerging Architecture in the 2019 Women in Architecture awards. Of the impactful projects she did in Songyang is a brown sugar factory located in Xincun Village.

Brown sugar is a key pillar of the villages economy. In autumn， villagers harvest sugarcanes and make brown sugar. With income from sugar sales， villagers have built new houses of three or four stories. With a history of hundreds of years， the village presented an anachronism of new houses and numerous brown sugar mills， which were small and showed an architectural ugliness in the eye of Xu Tiantian and her colleagues. The architects wanted to build a big village brown sugar factory so that all the small mills could be removed from the village. They believed it was the first step to keep the village clean and free of fire risks and pollution.

The new brown sugar factory looks so beautiful that villagers just wowed at the imagination and inspiration of these architects from Beijing and felt proud of the new site when first taking a tour inside the factory， surrounded by the village on two sides and farmlands from the other two sides. The consideration behind the location is， villagers can store and process the harvested sugarcane crop more easily. Inside the red-brick wall on the northern part of the factory compound is a storage area and a space for backstage services.

The structures look light and allow natural light to come through the roofs and glass walls. The light-weight steel structures function respectively as a visitors center， a storage space， and an extremely spacious workshop that houses a system of 36 woks heated by six ovens， a traditional technology that has been used in the village for hundreds of years. The three sections are like a theater where visitors can take a tour and see how brown sugar is made.

The factory presents the villages new identities in a delightful way. It is a production compound， an architectural masterpiece， a theater with a backdrop of the outside farmlands， village houses and distant mountains， a museum where the tradition is very much alive， a tourist attraction， a space for village events， a topic that has been discussed at home and abroad.

Since the launching of the factory， sugar-centered tourism has boomed in the village. Visitors flock to the village to see how brown sugar is made， tour the village and sugarcane fields， have a hands-on experience of the production， and stay in household hostels. Tourism is now a strong source of income for villagers. The factory has hosted a series of puppet shows and hands-on experience events. Thats exactly what Xu Tiantian and her colleagues had in mind when they put their ideas to the blueprints of the factory.