Employment Development in Tiet Since Democratic Reform

Gesang Zhuoma

Astract：Employment， as the asis of peoples livelihood， is an important indicator reflecting a regions level of social and economic development. It also shows the overall development level of the national economy and the total situation of the input direction of social laor resources and employment development in Tiet since the start of democratic reform 60 years ago. It also? tracks the progress of Tiets economic and social development.

After the peaceful lieration of Tiet in 1951， in order to develop Tiet，? two important roads， the QinghaiTiet Highway and SichuanTiet Highway， were constructed; a numer of transportation and electric power enterprises were set up; workers， including local workers， were selected and transferred to those enterprises ， and the first atch of industrial workers in Tiet was created. The democratic reform that took place in 1959 completely changed the political and economic system of Tiet. The laor force was lierated from the feudal serfdom system and started to engage in the construction of their hometowns. The employment situation in Tiet was also fundamentally changed. In the 60 years since that time，? employment in Tiet has gone through several historical stages. Under the guidance of the planned economy， Tiets uran employment adopted a centralized laor allocation system， and rural laorers were relatively fixed in their villages for agricultural， pastoral and forest production. The “reform and openingup” policy not only promoted the continuous growth of Tiets total rate of employment， ut also effectively resolved the employment conflicts that accumulated during the period of the system of the planned economy. During this period， due to the adjustment of the Central governments governance policy on Tiet， the population flowing in and out of Tiet fluctuated greatly， creating some changes in the employment structure. The piloting of a contract laor system and the encouragement of diversified operations increased the flexiility of employment， and expanded the channels of employment. Compared with other inland provinces， the employment reform in Tiet during this period was still in an exploratory stage. In the new century， in the face of the unalleviated contradiction of the total rate of employment and outstanding structural contradictions， Tiet entered a period of comprehensive reform during which time it vigorously developed a nonpulic economy， implemented preferential policies for employment and reemployment， and developed pulic welfare positions.? Under the grim situation of employment in China in 2010， Tiet adhered to the principle of employment first and giving priority to education. In this new era， Tiet promoted employment through pulic examinations， employment assistance to Tiet， market employment， and selfemployment. Poverty alleviation through the promotion of employment ecame a key link in Tiets targeted， precise poverty alleviation. Therefore， the selfdevelopment aility of people in poverty? was enhanced through industrial poverty alleviation and employment. It is one of Tiets prominent employment prolem that people cannot find a proper position due to their displacement and lack of skills. For this reason， the government has strengthened vocational skills training in order to improve the quality of employment.

The total rate of employment in Tiet has maintained a sustained growth. In 1965， the total laor force within 17-48 age group in Tiet accounted for 55% of the total population， or 0.75416 million. Currently， the total amount of employed population has reached 2.5636 million， occupying 76.04%. The industrial structure of employment in Tiet also has shown a shift from primary industries to secondary and tertiary industries. During the transition from a planned economy to a market economy， the laor market in Tiet gradually opened up and the moility of the laor force greatly increased. The employment management system in Tiet also underwent a process of first estalishing a system of planned economy， and then， shifted? from a planned economy to a market economy system. The laor market in Tiet has gradually opened up， and laor moility has greatly increased. The original proportion of employment in those units exhiiting strong characteristics of a planned economy or were within the planned economy system， has continued to decrease while the proportion of employment in private， foreignfunded enterprises with a high degree of marketization or informal employment has een on the rise.

With the expansion of the scale of Tietan uran areas， accompanied y an increased concentration of population and resources， the aility of cities and towns to asor employment has strengthened.? With the deepening of the reform of Tiets economic system， the uran laor employment system has changed from a planned employment system with passive resettlement y the state to a marketased employment system that stimulates laorers to gradually start their own usinesses. The market economy has played a positive role in the allocation of Tiets resources， including laor resources. The autonomy of stateowned enterprises has increased， and more uran employment has een created to asor the numers of people entering the laor force in the nonpulic economic sector. The prolem of unemployment in the reform of the uran employment system has een given much attention. Enterprises have adopted stale measures.

In Tiet where human capital is generally low， college students with higher education and quality are a special employment group. efore the 1980s and 1990s， the numer of college students was limited， and the demand for them was high. Therefore， for a long time， the policy for the employment of college students was the policy of the centralized laor allocation system. With the development of education in Tiet， more and more students are attending colleges and universities， and， as a result， the quality of the local laor supply has generally improved. In 2000， 764 students in Tiet graduated from colleges and universities， ut y 2017， this numer reached 16，102. The supply and demand of the laor market in Tiet has reached a certain alance， and a phenomenon of oversupply has appeared due to structural differences within the configuration of laor resources. In 2006， the employment reform of Tietan college graduates was launched， and during the implementation of this policy， the adjustment of the reform policy triggered y the social situation was encountered. Various employment measures were taken simultaneously， and various channels were set up in parallel. The whole society worked together to solve the employment prolem of college students.

From democratic reform through the completion of socialist transformation， rural laor in Tiet was mostly concentrated in traditional agriculture and animal husandry. Since the policy of “reform and opening up” was implemented， the employment structure of rural laor in Tiet changed from a single laor employment structure to one that was diversified.? The increase in laor productivity in traditional rural industries in Tiet and the ooming development of emerging industries are increasingly urgent for laor transfer. The employment ratio of the three kinds of industries has increased， the allocation of the Tietan laor force etween uran and rural areas has een further optimized， and the rural surplus laor force has een continuously transferred. In 2017， Tiet transferred more than 1.1 million surplus rural laorers， and a laor income of 2.8 illion yuan was generated.

Employment is the issue related to the peoples livelihoods in Tietan society which concerns most people. The agricultural laorers from rural areas gradually entered the city through employment transfer ， and an integrated? system of uran and rural employment has een gradually set up. With the adjustment of the industrial structure and the acceleration? of uranization， the distriution pattern of employment in the primary， secondary， and tertiary industries has changed accordingly. This shift in the structure of the employed population is also an important force driving economic growth. Its profound cultural heritage will make Tiets cultural creative industry a potential employment field. Green industries，? environmental protection industries， lowcaron economies and a circular economy will also create a large numer of jos in Tiet which will take on the responsiility of green development. In the future， employment in Tiet is not only a requirement for quantity， ut also an improvement in quality.

Key Words： democratic reform; Tiet Autonomous Region; employment

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