


[摘要]目的探討中老年男性吸煙者在香煙選擇決策過程中的行為偏好模式。方法52例吸煙者和48例非吸煙者完成E-Prime 2.0軟件編制的以香煙及錢幣為線索的決策任務。任務分為兩個,其中任務一為電腦屏幕上隨機呈現一張香煙或錢幣圖片,受試者按鍵確定是否選取該圖片,其中無論按選取鍵還是放棄鍵,受試者均可在規定時間內連續按鍵,以顯示其對物品圖片的偏好以及獲取或規避的總數量;任務二為電腦屏幕上同時左右隨機呈現第一個任務中看到的香煙和錢幣圖片,要求受試者在這兩張圖片中選擇一張,在進行任務的同時記錄受試者的選擇模式、選擇次數、選擇結果等。結果與對照組比較,任務一中吸煙組香煙選擇次數、錢幣選擇次數、香煙選擇總次數、錢幣選擇總次數均顯著增多,差異有顯著意義(t=2.834~6.517,Plt;0.05)。任務二中吸煙組和對照組對錢幣的選擇次數均顯著大于對香煙的選擇次數(t=15.484~35.883,Plt;0.01);但兩組對錢幣和香煙選擇次數比較差異無顯著性(Pgt;0.05)。任務一和任務二中吸煙組對香煙的選擇次數與尼古丁依賴程度、吸煙持續時間和每日吸煙量均無顯著相關性(r=0.013~0.238,Pgt;0.05)。結論中老年男性吸煙者對香煙選擇存在決策偏好效用。
[關鍵詞]吸煙;決策;偏依;行為
[中圖分類號]R163[文獻標志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2019)03-0295-04
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the behavioral preference patterns of middle-aged and elderly male smokers during decision-making for cigarette selection. MethodsA total of 52 smokers (smoking group) and 48 non-smokers (control group) participated in the decision-making task based on cigarette and money developed by E-Prime 2.0 software. The task was divided into two parts. In part 1, a picture of cigarette or money was randomly displayed on a computer screen, and the subject used a button to determine whether to select the picture; the subject could press the selection key or the abandonment key continuously within the specified time to show his preference for the item in the picture and the total number of times of acquisition or avoidance. In part 2, both pictures of the cigarette and money in part 1 were displayed on the computer screen, and the subject was required to select one picture; selection mode, number of selections, and selection results were recorded. ResultsIn part 1 of the task, compared with the control group, the smoking group had significant increases in the numbers of times of cigarette selection and money selection and the total numbers of pressings of cigarette button and money button (t=2.834-6.517,Plt;0.05). In part 2 of the task, the number of times of money selection was significantly higher than that of cigarette selection in both groups (t=15.484-35.883,Plt;0.01), but there were no significant differences in the numbers of times of money selection and cigarette selection between the two groups (Pgt;0.05). In the smoking group, the number of times of cigarette selection in the two parts of the task was not signi-ficantly correlated with the degree of nicotine dependence, duration of smoking, and daily smoking amount (r=0.013-0.238,Pgt;0.05). ConclusionMiddle-aged and elderly male smokers have preference in decision-making for cigarette selection.
[KEY WORDS]smoking; decision making; bias; behavior
吸煙是最常見的有害健康的行為之一,為何吸煙者常持續吸煙,且難以有效戒煙呢[1-2]?雙過程模型認為,這種行為與熟慮系統和沖動系統的不平衡有關[1,3-6]。吸煙者在吸煙以及頻繁暴露于尼古丁相關的提示線索中,會使自動沖動系統的敏感性增強,熟慮系統的敏感性減弱,導致反復吸煙行為。而且沖動系統的敏感性增強將使吸煙者表現出對香煙相關的或尼古丁相關的刺激的自動趨近傾向[1,7]。成癮研究表明,成癮者在某種渴求物或某種行為面前,常常需要做出“是”或“否”的行為決策[8]。而決策作為一種高級的認知活動,對人類的生存和適應有重要的意義[8]。預期效用理論認為,呈現獎賞效應時,人們產生正性體驗,行為激活系統被激活,出現趨向選擇行為;當呈現懲罰或損失效應時,人們本能的損失厭惡,行為抑制系統被激活,出現抑制和放棄行為[9-12]。那么吸煙者是否會對香煙做出沖動性的決策趨近行為,而成為香煙依賴的主要原因呢?本文設計以香煙、錢幣為線索的決策任務,觀察吸煙者的決策選擇模式,為進一步探討吸煙決策認知與某些疾病發生是否存在相關關系提供研究基礎。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象
本文采用隨機抽樣方式對某社區中老年男性100例進行研究。將受試者分為2組。吸煙組[13]:現在吸煙,每天吸煙3支及以上,時間≥1年,共52例;對照組:到實驗時間點為止,總吸煙量低于5支,共48例。入選標準:①年齡≥55周歲;②均為右利手,具有正常的視、聽力和語言理解、表達能力;③能夠配合檢查及完成決策任務;④獲得知情同意。排除標準:①有心、肺、肝、腎、腦等嚴重疾病;②認知功能障礙,簡易精神評定量表(MMSE)得分lt;27分;③有精神疾病(如抑郁、焦慮、精神分裂癥等)及精神活動性物質使用史;④有乙醇、藥物濫用史或賭博、網絡游戲等成癮史。本研究得到青島大學附屬醫院倫理委員會批準,所有受試者或其家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1神經心理評估由經過培訓的老年醫學科醫師應用簡易精神評定量表(MMSE)對受試者的認知功能進行快速篩查,MMSE得分lt;27分視為認知功能障礙。
1.2.2吸煙情況評估包括開始吸煙的年齡,吸煙持續時間,每日吸煙量和尼古丁依賴水平。尼古丁依賴水平應用尼古丁依賴檢測量表(FTND)測試。
1.2.3決策任務應用E-Prime 2.0軟件編制決策任務。①任務一:香煙或錢幣決策任務,香煙或錢幣圖片每次一張隨機呈現在電腦屏幕上,受試者按鍵確定是否選取該圖片。其中,無論按選取鍵還是放棄鍵,受試者均可在規定的時間內連續按鍵,以顯示其對物品圖片的偏好以及獲取或規避的總數量,按鍵結束后呈現選取的結果,包括獲取或放棄的物品種類、總數量(按鍵總次數×每次按鍵的香煙或錢幣數量)。放棄按鍵無獎賞或損失。選取按1鍵,放棄按3鍵。每張圖片重復呈現15次。電腦自動記錄被試者的選擇模式、次數和選取的結果。②任務二:香煙錢幣決策任務,電腦屏幕上同時左右隨機呈現第一個任務中看到的香煙和錢幣圖片,要求受試者在這兩張圖片中選擇一張,選左邊的圖片按1鍵,選右邊的圖片按4鍵。共重復呈現14次。每次選擇后無結果反饋。電腦自動記錄受試者的選擇模式。任務一和任務二均完成后,根據其選擇香煙或錢幣的總數量,以實物和錢幣獎賞的方式作為被試費給受試者。
1.3統計分析
應用SPSS 17.0軟件進行統計學處理,計數資料以例數和百分比表示,數據間比較采用卡方檢驗;計量資料以±s形式表示,數據間比較采用t檢驗;相關性采用Pearson相關分析。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組一般資料比較
吸煙組與對照組年齡、受教育程度比較差異均無顯著性(Pgt;0.05)。見表1。吸煙組開始吸煙的年齡為(18.461±3.801)歲;吸煙持續時間30~50年,平均(40.346±5.854)年;每日吸煙量10~40只,平均(18.923±7.366)支,每日吸煙量超過15支者占76.9%。FTND平均分為(7.038±0.949)分。
2.2兩組行為選擇結果比較
決策任務一結果顯示,與對照組比較,吸煙組香煙選擇次數、錢幣選擇次數、香煙按鍵總次數、錢幣按鍵總次數均顯著增多,差異有統計學意義(t=2.834~6.517,Plt;0.05)。決策任務二結果顯示,吸煙組和對照組對錢幣的選擇次數均顯著大于對香煙的選擇次數(t=15.484~35.883,Plt;0.001);與對照組比較,吸煙組錢幣選擇次數和香煙選擇次數差異無顯著性(Pgt;0.05)。見表2、3。
2.3吸煙組香煙選擇次數與吸煙情況相關性
任務一吸煙組香煙選擇次數與尼古丁依賴程度(r=0.059,Pgt;0.05)、吸煙持續時間(r=0.013,Pgt;0.05)、每日吸煙量(r=0.178,Pgt;0.05)之間均無顯著相關性。
任務二吸煙組香煙選擇次數與尼古丁依賴程度(r=0.238,Pgt;0.05)、吸煙持續時間(r=0.028,Pgt;0.05)、每日吸煙量(r=0.125,Pgt;0.05)之間均無顯著相關性。
3討論
吸煙者常具有明知吸煙的危害而仍然保持吸煙行為的特點[8],其原因可能是吸煙者對香煙線索引發的再次吸煙的沖動控制障礙[14],但吸煙者是否會在決策過程中對香煙相關線索產生決策偏好進而出現趨近或規避的行為呢?目前這方面的研究報道較少。本文設計香煙、錢幣為線索的決策任務,觀察了吸煙者的決策選擇模式。本文決策任務一的結果顯示,中老年男性吸煙者(吸煙組)比非吸煙者(對照組)香煙選擇次數顯著增多,差異有統計學意義,表明中老年男性吸煙者對香煙具有明顯的趨近偏好效用。這與相關文獻研究結果一致[1,15-16]。相關研究用趨近-規避任務來研究吸煙者對香煙線索選擇的趨近偏好,結果表明吸煙者對香煙線索具有自動趨近趨勢,且吸煙者表現出沖動系統的敏感性增強從而使其對香煙相關或尼古丁相關的刺激存在自動趨近趨向[1,15,17-18]。吸煙者對香煙具有明顯的趨近偏好效用可能與大腦邊緣區以及與行為相關的腦區激活增強有關[19],而這些腦區的激活增強會促使吸煙者對香煙相關線索存在趨近偏好[6,22-23]。任務一結果還表明,吸煙組和對照組對于錢幣都存在趨近偏好效用,且吸煙組對于錢幣的趨近偏好要明顯大于對照組,表明錢幣作為商品交換的通用流通物始終具有獎賞作用,故所有受試者均表現出趨近效能[9-11,24]。而吸煙者對錢幣趨近效能更明顯,可能與其沖動系統過于激活有關,有研究用愛荷華賭博任務研究吸煙者在決策中的風險尋求,結果表明吸煙者不能抵抗即刻的獎賞誘惑,對即刻的錢幣獎賞存在選擇沖動[25-27]。
本文決策任務二研究結果顯示,吸煙組和對照組對錢幣選擇次數大于對香煙的選擇次數,且兩組間對錢幣和香煙的選擇次數差異無顯著性。這一結果與BUHLER等[28]的研究結果不一致。BUHLE等[28]用動機任務來研究吸煙者和非吸煙者在預測錢幣和香煙獎賞時的行為反應以及腦區激活情況,結果表明兩組對于錢幣的反應差異無顯著性。有研究認為吸煙者中腦皮質邊緣區對于香煙線索的反應增強,對于中性線索(例如錢幣)的反應減弱,因此吸煙者表現出對香煙線索的注意和趨近行為增強,對中性線索的注意和趨近行為減低[28-29]。BAKER等[30]也認為吸煙者對于金錢獎賞這一反饋刺激的積極性要弱于非吸煙者。但參與以上研究的吸煙者在進行任務之前都進行了一段時間(24 h或36 h)的戒煙行為,這可能使得吸煙者對于香煙的渴求增強,從而對于香煙線索的注意和趨近行為也增強有關[30]。本文受試者實驗前沒有進行戒煙行為,故與上述研究結果不太一致,其具體機制需進一步研究。本文任務一與任務二的結果顯示,吸煙者對香煙的趨近偏好與尼古丁依賴程度、吸煙持續時間及每日吸煙量無關,原因可能是本研究所納入的吸煙者絕大多數(76.9%)每日吸煙量超過15支,接近于依賴性的最高限度[1],所以對香煙的趨近偏好與尼古丁依賴程度和每日吸煙量無關。本研究觀察到吸煙者對香煙線索具有偏好決策效應,間接說明了吸煙習慣行為的心理模式,將對不良習慣與疾病方面的進一步研究有一定的啟示意義。但本研究納入的研究對象較少,并且只研究了現在吸煙者和不吸煙者的決策模式,對于曾經吸煙者的決策模式并沒有探討,未來可對此進行進一步的研究。
綜上所述,吸煙者對香煙線索具有偏好決策效應,吸煙者的這種偏好效應可能是香煙依賴的一個原因。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉)