探訪世界建筑奇跡品味地域文化之美

□ 文/本刊記者 楊艷

□ Article/Journalist Yang Yan Translator/ He Jing

一座好建筑體現(xiàn)一個(gè)國(guó)家的民族性和時(shí)代感。來(lái)到一個(gè)國(guó)家，欣賞它的坐標(biāo)建筑，是品讀這個(gè)國(guó)家歷史地域文化最直觀的途徑。

LV基金會(huì)，設(shè)計(jì)者是弗蘭克·蓋里。

重慶籍建筑設(shè)計(jì)師李未韜曾與英國(guó)著名建筑師威爾·阿爾索普一同參與重慶網(wǎng)紅景點(diǎn)的鵝嶺二廠文創(chuàng)園的設(shè)計(jì)工作，他到訪過(guò)全球十多個(gè)國(guó)家，專注研究世界級(jí)大師的建筑作品。讓我們跟隨李未韜的分享，一起品味他眼里的建筑文化和大師智慧。

法國(guó) LV基金會(huì)一個(gè)脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和人類文明的產(chǎn)物

巴黎擁有太多世界級(jí)的優(yōu)秀建筑，而LV基金會(huì)是其中較新的一座。設(shè)計(jì)者弗蘭克·蓋里是第11屆普利策建筑獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撸竽憽⒏挥性?shī)意的建筑風(fēng)格與傳統(tǒng)建筑截然不同，充滿了未來(lái)主義的設(shè)計(jì)感。

“弗蘭克·蓋里的作品總是讓人捉摸不透，他的創(chuàng)造力需要不斷革新的技術(shù)來(lái)支撐和實(shí)現(xiàn)。”李未韜說(shuō)，親眼所見(jiàn)之后，他才發(fā)現(xiàn)以前低估了它，“建筑體量比我想象的大太多，對(duì)于這樣幾乎沒(méi)有平面甚至是單曲面的建筑，體量大帶來(lái)的工程技術(shù)難度和成本的影響是驚人的。”入口的墻上張貼著弗蘭克·蓋里和LV創(chuàng)始人的合影，投射出一個(gè)夢(mèng)想的艱難落成：超長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間周期，巨大的投資，顛覆性的技術(shù)難題……讓李未韜深受感動(dòng)。

“這座建筑所使用的材料，光線的引入，鋼梁、木材、玻璃之間的聯(lián)接，還有其流線和景觀的設(shè)計(jì)，都是亮點(diǎn)。尤其是13500平方米的玻璃屋頂使用了顛覆傳統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)。”李未韜說(shuō)。這樣一個(gè)巨大而優(yōu)美的“怪物”坐落在巴黎的公園里，給人的感覺(jué)更像是一個(gè)脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和人類文明的產(chǎn)物。“室內(nèi)的陳列物極其簡(jiǎn)單，沒(méi)有絲毫跟LV奢侈品有關(guān)的物件，讓人更關(guān)注建筑本身，它就是一件藝術(shù)品。”

貝林佐納城堡入口處猶如從巖壁上劈開(kāi)的一條道，渾然天成。

瑞士 貝林佐納城堡入口人與自然共生的作品

貝林佐納被稱作意大利通往阿爾卑斯的門(mén)戶。充滿中世紀(jì)傳奇色彩的城堡與城墻，蜿蜒在貝林佐納山頭，從羅馬時(shí)代開(kāi)始這里就成為重要據(jù)點(diǎn)和勢(shì)力紛爭(zhēng)中心。城堡建造時(shí)作為軍事要塞抵御外來(lái)侵略，現(xiàn)作為一個(gè)博物館，山下入口處的空間是一個(gè)改造項(xiàng)目，建筑風(fēng)格非常硬朗。

李未韜對(duì)瑞士的建筑師并不了解，在門(mén)德里西奧讀研的學(xué)弟向他推薦了這個(gè)非常具有代表性的設(shè)計(jì)作品。城堡離貝林佐納火車站很近，步行約10分鐘。貝林佐納是瑞士南部提契諾州地區(qū)的首府，受意大利的影響，南部浪漫狂放的氣質(zhì)和北部地區(qū)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)截然不同。所以，這是一個(gè)十分大膽的設(shè)計(jì)。

入口處猶如從巖壁上劈開(kāi)的一條道，渾然天成。高聳的縫隙將人的視線引向高處。進(jìn)入通道，空間越來(lái)越窄小，最深處是一個(gè)嵌入山體的混凝土半球空間，供人駐足停留，向上望去是一個(gè)穿出山體的混凝土天井。“整個(gè)體驗(yàn)過(guò)程一氣呵成，讓人精神振奮。”李未韜認(rèn)為，這個(gè)入口的設(shè)計(jì)所蘊(yùn)含的力量是精神與山石的碰撞，是人與自然共生的作品。

日本 東京富士電視臺(tái)建筑設(shè)計(jì)史上的一次全新嘗試

在眾多的日本建筑師中，丹下健三是李未韜頗為欣賞的，其建筑空間中所蘊(yùn)涵的力量讓人印象深刻。來(lái)到東京，李未韜專程趕去臺(tái)場(chǎng)地區(qū)目睹了這個(gè)經(jīng)典之作，該地最醒目的建筑之一。

原色鋁板覆蓋的大樓外表呈現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)代建筑特有的科技感。巨大的建筑體位于大樓側(cè)面，在空曠的臺(tái)場(chǎng)顯得格外震撼。一條廊橋及其空隙很好地營(yíng)造了在天空中生活的氛圍，可以說(shuō)是建筑設(shè)計(jì)史上的一次全新的嘗試。

除了滿足電視臺(tái)最基本的功能以外，建筑師還設(shè)計(jì)了一條獨(dú)特的參觀路線，在25層高處設(shè)置了一個(gè)巨大的球型瞭望室，這在當(dāng)初是非常特殊的工藝。空中的球體作為公共展廳，結(jié)合一系列文化活動(dòng)，讓參觀者可以在高空俯瞰整個(gè)臺(tái)場(chǎng)區(qū)。李未韜說(shuō)，這些設(shè)計(jì)體現(xiàn)了建筑作為一個(gè)載體，將人和城市聯(lián)系在一起的精髓，讓這座城市的魅力增色不少。

東京富士電視臺(tái)巨大的球型瞭望室。

美國(guó) 埃克塞特圖書(shū)館 一座喬治王時(shí)代風(fēng)格的建筑

幾何對(duì)稱是這座圖書(shū)館的設(shè)計(jì)亮點(diǎn)。

世界經(jīng)典建筑排行榜里總有埃克塞特圖書(shū)館的名字，它是美國(guó)建筑大師路易·康的優(yōu)秀作品。李未韜對(duì)這位大師的膜拜可以用“心中的神”來(lái)形容，他曾親臨現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，感受大師的設(shè)計(jì)魅力。“光影的變化，幾何對(duì)稱，整體構(gòu)造、功能，它們之間復(fù)雜而又極富邏輯的關(guān)系，證實(shí)了這個(gè)建筑的完美。”

設(shè)計(jì)之初，埃克塞特學(xué)院學(xué)院對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的要求很具體：一座與學(xué)院原有喬治王時(shí)代建筑風(fēng)格相融合的磚立面建筑，以及一個(gè)適合學(xué)習(xí)的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。路易·康對(duì)磚材料的運(yùn)用和對(duì)自然光線的考慮巧妙地實(shí)現(xiàn)了最初的創(chuàng)想。

圖書(shū)館由圍繞中央大空間的雙重區(qū)域組成，內(nèi)圈是避免直接日照的藏書(shū)區(qū)，外圈是為讀者在自然光下閱讀而設(shè)的區(qū)域，整個(gè)空間既開(kāi)放又相對(duì)獨(dú)立。建筑首層是圖書(shū)館最有魅力的地方，站在這里，窗外的自然光照亮了整個(gè)屋頂，呈現(xiàn)出神圣的十字形，營(yíng)造出肅靜的氛圍。

圖片/受訪者提供

A good building mirrors the nationality and modernity a country. Admiring its landmark architecture is the most intuitive way to appreciate the history and culture of this country.

Chongqing-based architect Li Weitao and the famous British architect Will Alsop participated in the design of Cultural and Creative Park, the Second Plant of E'ling, which is now one of the star attractions in Chongqing. Li Weitao has visited more than 10 countries around the world, focusing on research of the architectural works of world-class masters. Now, let us follow his sharing and savor the architectural culture and master wisdom.

Paris The Foundation Louis Vuitton A Creation beyond the Real World and Human Civilization

Paris has too many world-class buildings, among which the Foundation Louis Vuitton is relatively new. Architect Frank Gehry is the 11th Pulitzer Prize winner. His bold and poetic architectural style is very different from traditional architecture and is rich in futuristicness.

“Frank Gehry’s work is always unpredictable, and his creativity needs constant innovative technology to support and realize it.” Li Weitao said that after seeing it on site,he discovered that he had underestimated it before.“The building volume is far much bigger than I thought. For a building with almost no planes or even a single curved surface, the engineering difficulty and cost brought by the large volume is astounding.” The entrance wall is covered with a photo of Frank Gehry with the founder of LV, projecting a back-bending completion of the dream: time-consuming, massive investment, subversive technical problems... So Li was deeply touched.

“The materials used in this building, the drawingin of light, the connection between steel beams,wood and glass, as well as the design of its smooth flow lines and landscapes, are all highlights. In particular, the 13,500 square meter of glass roof employs disruptive technology" , Li Weitao said. Such a huge and beautiful "monster" is located in a park of Paris, giving people chance to appreciate an art piece beyond the real world and human civilization.“The indoor display is extremely simplistic. There are no objects related to LV luxuries. People pay more attention to the building itself. It is a work of art.”

Switzerland Bellinzona Pass a Work of Symbiosis between Man and Nature

Bellinzona is known as the gateway to the Alps in Italy. Castles and walls featuring medieval legends wind up on the hills of Bellinzona, which has been a pivotal base and center of power disputes since the Roman era. While the castle was built as a military fortress to resist foreign aggression, it is now a museum. The space at the entrance to the mountain is a renovation project with a rather tough architectural style .

Li Weitao did not know much about the architects in Switzerland. His younger alumnus who pursued a master’s degree at Mendrisio recommended this representative architecture. The castle is adjacent to Bellinzona train station and it takes about 10 minutes on foot. Bellinzona is the capital of the Ticino region in southern Switzerland. Influenced by Italy, the romantic temperament of the south is distinct from the rigor of the northern region. “So I saw a very bold design. ”

The entrance is like a road that has been opened from the rock wall. The towering gap leads people’s sights to a height. Entering the passage, the space is getting narrower and smaller. The deepest part is a concrete hemisphere space embedded in the mountain for people to stop to view. A look-up view would give you a concrete patio that stands out from the mountain. “The whole experience is in one go, and it makes people feel refreshed.” Li Weizhen believes that the power of the design of this entrance is the collision of humanity and rock, and it is the work of symbiosis between man and nature.

Japan Tokyo Fuji TV Building A New Attempt in the History of Architectural Design

Among the many Japanese architects, Kenzo Tange is especially appreciated by Li Weitao, and the power contained in his architectural space is impressive. When in Tokyo, Li made a special trip to the Odaiba area to witness this classic and one of the most striking buildings in the area.

The exterior of the building covered by the original-color aluminum panels presents a unique sense of technology manifest in modern architecture. The huge building is particularly spectacular in the open field, which is located on the flank of the building. A covered bridge and its gaps create a good vibe for living in the sky. It is fair to say that it is a brand new attempt in the history of architectural design.

In addition to meeting the most basic functions of the TV station, it also designed a unique tour route, setting a huge spherical watch room on the 25th floor, which was a very special process. The sphere in the air serves as a public exhibition hall to allow visitors to overlook the entire Odaiba area at high altitude,where a series of cultural activities was held. Li Weitao said that these designs reflect the essence of architecture as a carrier that connects people and cities, adding to the charm of the city.

United States Exeter Public Library a Georgian Building

The Exeter Public Library, an excellent work of American architect Louis Kahn, will always be on the world's classic building list. Li Weitao’s worship of the master can be worded as “the god in his heart”. He once visited the library and felt the master’s design charm. “The changes in light and shadow,geometric symmetry, overall structure, function, and the complex and very logical relationship between them prove to be perfect in this building.”

At the beginning of the design, Exeter College put forward specific design requirements: a brick facade that blends with the original Georgian architecture and an indoor environment for learning. Louis Kahn's use of brick materials and an integration of natural light subtly realized the original idea.

The library consists of a double area surrounding the central large space. The inner circle is a collection of books that avoid direct sunlight, while the outer circle is an area designed for readers to read under natural sunlight. The whole space is both open and relatively independent. The first floor of the building is the most attractive place in the library. Standing here, the natural light outside the window illuminates the entire roof, presenting a sacred cross that creates a calm atmosphere.

Pics/the interviewee