楊春吉
高考對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句的考查逐步由單選題過(guò)渡到語(yǔ)法填空題、短文改錯(cuò)題及書面表達(dá)題。考生掌握狀語(yǔ)從句的用法,不僅有助于理解句子、篇章,在書面表達(dá)中更高級(jí)地表達(dá)語(yǔ)義,而且對(duì)于高階英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有重要的意義。
一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
1.when,while,as的用法
(1)when從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,也可以是短暫性動(dòng)作。
(2015北京卷書面表達(dá))When the craftsman came into the classroom, we gave him a warm welcome. 當(dāng)名匠走進(jìn)教室時(shí),我們報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲。
(2)while從句的動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的,它用作并列連詞時(shí),意為“然而,卻”,表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系。
(2018北京卷書面表達(dá))I sat beside a table, explaining every step of the process while making tea. 我坐在桌旁,一邊沏茶,一邊解釋沏茶的每一步驟。
(3)as從句的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句、從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,有“漸進(jìn)變化”之意,意為“隨著……;一邊……一邊……”。
(2016天津卷·7)_____the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.
A. Unless B. Until C. As D. While
【答案】C
【解析】 本題考查as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:隨著人口平均年齡的增加,越來(lái)越多的老人需要照顧。unless除非;until直到;as因?yàn)椋纾S著;while雖然,然而,當(dāng)……時(shí)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,選C項(xiàng)。
2.until的用法
(1)用于肯定句,表示主句的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到從句的動(dòng)作開始為止。
(2017北京卷·28)If you dont understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since
【答案】C
【解析】本題考查until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:如果你無(wú)法理解某個(gè)東西,你可以研究、學(xué)習(xí)并和他人探討,直到你搞清為止。根據(jù)句意“……直到你搞清為止”可知用until。
(2)用于否定句,表示主句的動(dòng)作在從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生后才開始。
We were told that we should follow the main road until we reached the central railway station. 直到我們到達(dá)中心火車站,才有人告訴我們應(yīng)該沿著主路向前走。
3.before的用法
before意為“在……之前;沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……;不到……就……”,多用于完成時(shí)。
(2016上海卷·30)A dozen ideas were considered the chief architect decided on the design of the building.
A. because B. before C. whether D. unless
【答案】B
【解析】本題考查before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:首席建筑師在決定該建筑的設(shè)計(jì)之前,考慮了十二個(gè)點(diǎn)子。before在此意為“在……之前”,符合語(yǔ)境和題意。
4.since的用法
since意為“自……以來(lái)”,從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
(2016天津卷書面表達(dá))Two weeks have passed since you came to our school for the exchange program, which we all have benefited from. 自從你來(lái)到我們學(xué)校參加交換生計(jì)劃以來(lái),兩周已經(jīng)過(guò)去了,我們也由此受益匪淺。
5.重要句型
(1)It is/has been+時(shí)間段+since-clause。若since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則表示從句中的動(dòng)作延續(xù)了××?xí)r間;若since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則表示從句中的動(dòng)作已結(jié)束××?xí)r間了。
It is five years since I smoked. 我戒煙已有五年的時(shí)間了。
It has been just a week since we arrived in Beijing. 我們到達(dá)北京剛好一周。
(2)It +be/will be +一段時(shí)間+before -clause。若主句的be用了was 或 wasnt, 意為“過(guò)/沒(méi)過(guò)多久某人干了某事”;若主句中的be 用了will/wont be ,則意為“過(guò)/沒(méi)過(guò)多久就會(huì)發(fā)生某事”,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
It was three years before he designed the supermarket.在他設(shè)計(jì)出超市的圖紙前已經(jīng)過(guò)去三年。
It will be ten years before they complete the great railway.他們將用十年的時(shí)間把這條大鐵路建成。
(3)It is/was +具體時(shí)間+ when-clause. 該句型意為“當(dāng)某事發(fā)生時(shí),時(shí)間是在……”。
(2014江西卷·35)It was the middle of the night my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
A. that B. as C. which D. when
【答案】D
【解析】本題考查when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:當(dāng)我的父親喚醒我并告訴我看足球賽時(shí),那是半夜時(shí)分。本句中的when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,主句的主語(yǔ)是it,指代時(shí)間,故D項(xiàng)正確。
該題容易和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型相混淆。試比較:① It was nine oclock they reached home last night. ② It was at twelve oclock sharp they returned home yesterday evening. 兩題的答案分別是when;that。①題,it指時(shí)間,when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。②題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at twelve oclock sharp。
(4)when用作并列連詞,相當(dāng)于and then,and at this/that time。常用句型有:
①主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+when-clause;
②主語(yǔ)+were/was about to do sth.+when-clause;
③主語(yǔ)+were/was+on the point of doing sth.+when-clause;
④主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去完成時(shí)+when-clause。
(2016北京卷·21)Jack in the lab when the power cut occurred.
A.works B. has worked C. was working D. would work
【答案】C
【解析】 本題考查“主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+ when-clause”句型。句意:突然斷電時(shí),杰克正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里工作。根據(jù)occurred可知,這里指過(guò)去某時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的事情,斷電時(shí)杰克正在工作,所以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C項(xiàng)。
【知識(shí)拓展】as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute, the instant,no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...等連詞(詞組)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意為 “一……就……”,從句用一般時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)。
二、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常用if,unless,as/so long as,in case,once等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
(1)if(如果,假如),既可引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句,也可引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句。引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句時(shí),遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)律;引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句時(shí),主句、從句根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,對(duì)應(yīng)使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
(2018北京卷·2) we dont stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until
【答案】C
【解析】本題考查if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句。句意:如果我們不阻止氣候變化,那么世界上的很多動(dòng)植物將會(huì)消失。although 盡管;while當(dāng)……時(shí),盡管,然而;if如果;until直到。根據(jù)句意,選C項(xiàng)。
(2018天津卷·15)If we the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】本題考查if引導(dǎo)的與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。句意:如果我們昨天趕上飛機(jī)的話,我們現(xiàn)在就在海灘享受假期了。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday可知,從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況,所以用had+v-ed,故選A項(xiàng)。
(2)unless ( =if... not,除非,如果,除了) ,引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句,從句時(shí)態(tài)遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)律。
Unless you can sleep well, youll lose the ability to focus on, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights. 除非你能睡個(gè)好覺(jué),否則一兩個(gè)晚上之后你就會(huì)失去專注、計(jì)劃和保持動(dòng)力的能力。
(3)as/so long as(只要……就……),表示明確的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件,不具有假設(shè)含義。
You wont find paper cutting difficult as long as you keep practicing it.只要你堅(jiān)持練習(xí),你就不會(huì)覺(jué)得剪紙難。
(4)in case (假如,萬(wàn)一,倘若),表示真實(shí)條件,從句時(shí)態(tài)須遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)律。
Ill be out for some time. In case anything happens, call me up immediately. 我要出去一段時(shí)間。萬(wàn)一發(fā)生什么事,請(qǐng)立即給我打電話。
(5)once(一旦……就……),引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句。
Once you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier. 一旦你開始以更健康的方式進(jìn)食,控制體重就會(huì)變得容易得多。
【知識(shí)拓展】以下連詞(詞組)可表示條件:suppose/supposing如果,假使;provided/providing that如果;on/upon condition that以……為條件;等等。
三、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
1.wh-ever詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句(習(xí)慣上把however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句也歸在其內(nèi))
wh-ever詞包括whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等,意為“無(wú)論……”。 wh-ever詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為no matter +wh-詞(however轉(zhuǎn)化為no matter how),引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)兩者可互換。
(2018浙江卷書面表達(dá))I tend to consult consumption whatever I purchase. 無(wú)論我買什么,我都傾向咨詢消費(fèi)情況。
2.no matter + wh-詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句(包括no matter how 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
no matter無(wú)詞義,它與wh- 詞共同構(gòu)成“無(wú)論……”。此外,no matter + wh-詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句不用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
The moral of the story is: Spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how the situation is. 這個(gè)故事的寓意是:不遺余力地獲取知識(shí),無(wú)論處境如何,都不要輕易氣餒。
3.although/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
although/though從句不與but連用,但可以與still或yet連用。although/though引導(dǎo)的從句多位于句首。從句用倒裝語(yǔ)序時(shí)常用though。
Although birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for others purposes. 雖然鳥類利用它們的羽毛飛行,但它們的一些羽毛還有其他用途。
4.even though/if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
even though/if意為“盡管,即使”。even if引導(dǎo)的從句具有強(qiáng)烈的假設(shè)性,而even though則多以引導(dǎo)的從句為前提。even though/if引導(dǎo)的從句多用陳述語(yǔ)氣,間或用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, even though he is in his nineties.我祖父雖然已經(jīng)九十多歲了,但他仍然不時(shí)地打網(wǎng)球。
5.while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
while 作“雖然,盡管,即使”解,相當(dāng)于so/as long as。
While online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.雖然網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物改變了我們的生活,但并非所有的影響都是積極的。
6.whether...or...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
whether...or...意為“無(wú)論……還是……;不管……都……”,它引導(dǎo)的從句常位于句中或句首。
(2016四川卷書面表達(dá))Whether we like riding, jogging or going on long walks, spring allows us to enjoy outdoor activities that we had to put on the back burner during winter. 不管我們是喜歡騎馬、慢跑還是長(zhǎng)距離散步,春天都能讓我們享受到冬天不得不放棄的戶外活動(dòng)。
7.when引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
when意為“既然,盡管”,它引導(dǎo)的從句常位于主句之后,一般不與主句用逗號(hào)隔開。
Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already? 既然你已經(jīng)有這么好的一份工作了,為何還要找新工作呢?
四、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so...that...和such...that...,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:
(1)so+形容詞/副詞+that從句;
(2)so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;
(3)so+many/much/few/little+名詞+that從句;
(4)such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;
(5)such+形容詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句;
Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. 帕爾森的尖叫聲那么大以至于她的女兒從房子里跑了出來(lái)。(so+副詞+that從句)
五、目的狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常用in order that,so that,in hopes that等來(lái)引導(dǎo),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could,may,might等。
(2018天津卷·4)Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend _____ they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A. ever since B. as if C. even though D. so that
【答案】D
【解析】本題考查so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:
讓我們這周末再摘這些桃子,這樣它們會(huì)變得足夠甜。從句部分明確給出主句這件事的目的,故選D項(xiàng)。
六、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常用where,wherever來(lái)引導(dǎo)。where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)修飾具體名詞;wherever引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是籠統(tǒng)含義,它除了引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句外還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。no matter where只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2017江蘇卷·23)Located_____the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A.why B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】本題考查where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。locate意為“坐落于……”,后接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ);句中the Belt meets the Road結(jié)構(gòu)完整,要用where來(lái)連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,故選D項(xiàng)。
【注意】where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
(1)Just stay in the place where you are and dont move.待在你所在的地方別動(dòng)。 (定語(yǔ)從句,修飾名詞place)
(2)Youd better not leave the medicine where kids can get it. 你最好不要把藥放在孩子們可以拿到的地方。(狀語(yǔ)從句,修飾動(dòng)詞leave)
七、原因狀語(yǔ)從句
原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常用because,as,since,for來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
(1)because( 因?yàn)椋蚨Z(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),回答why的提問(wèn),表示典型的因果關(guān)系。
(2018浙江卷書面表達(dá))I do believe that I am qualified for this voluntary work, because I have a good command of spoken English, since I once won the first prize in the spoken English contest in my school. 我確實(shí)相信我能勝任這項(xiàng)志愿工作,因?yàn)槲业挠⒄Z(yǔ)口語(yǔ)很流利,我曾經(jīng)在學(xué)校的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽中獲得過(guò)一等獎(jiǎng)。
(2)as (因?yàn)椋捎冢Z(yǔ)氣較弱,表示較為明顯的理由。
As there was no answer, I decided to write again. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有回信,我決定再寫一封。
(3)since(既然,由于),表示顯而易見、不須加以說(shuō)明的原因或理由,相當(dāng)于when。
(2018北京卷書面表達(dá))Since you have long been interested in Chinese culture, I think Beijing Language and Culture University is an ideal place for you. 由于你對(duì)中國(guó)文化感興趣很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了,我認(rèn)為中國(guó)語(yǔ)言大學(xué)對(duì)你而言是個(gè)理想的去處。
(4)for 是并列連詞,表示推斷原因,對(duì)前句起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明的作用,不可置于句首。
Im not afraid of tomorrow, for I have seen yesterday and I love today. 我不害怕明天,因?yàn)槲医?jīng)歷過(guò)昨天,也熱愛(ài)今天。
八、狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化
(1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致,且從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由be動(dòng)詞輔助構(gòu)成時(shí),從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞通常簡(jiǎn)化掉。
Video games can be a poor influence if left in the wrong hands.如果讓電子游戲落入壞人之手,它的影響力可能會(huì)很差。(they are 已省略掉)
(2)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it 和be動(dòng)詞可以完全簡(jiǎn)化掉。常見的有:if possible,if necessary,if so,if not,等等。
It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine. If so, wed better take it to the garage immediately.聽起來(lái)好像車子的引擎出了問(wèn)題,如果是這樣的話,我們最好把它送到車庫(kù)修理一下。
(3)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句的從屬連詞、主語(yǔ)和be 動(dòng)詞可以全部簡(jiǎn)化掉。
Faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help. 面對(duì)困難的時(shí)候,我們需要朋友給我們安慰和幫助。(When we are已省略掉)