撫育經營森林，換得山綠民富

文/吳平

森林是“地球之肺”，是陸地生態系統的主體，是發展現代林業的資源基礎，是人類生存發展的重要生態保障。據2014年發布的第八次全國森林資源清查數據，全國森林面積2.08億公頃，森林覆蓋率21.63%，森林蓄積151.37億立方米。

據聯合國糧農組織發布的《2015年全球森林資源評估報告》，我國已成為全球年度森林面積增長最快、森林蓄積穩定增長的國家。在自然林持續增長的基礎上，人工林快速發展；森林質量不斷提高，森林功能不斷由“木材供應基地”向“生態安全屏障”轉變。據測算，我國森林生態系統每年提供的主要生態服務價值達12.68萬億元。隨著森林的改善與發展，森林植被生物量、涵養水源量、森林碳匯能力等進一步增強。

林業產業總產值從2001年的4090億元增加到2015年的5.94萬億元，15年增長了13.5倍，對7億多農村人口脫貧致富作出了重大貢獻。

Forest is the “lung of the earth”. It is the subject of terrestrial ecosystem,the resource base for developing modern forestry, and the important ecological guarantee of human survival and development. According to the data of the eighth national forest resource inventory which was released in 2014, the national forest area was 208 million hectares; the forest coverage rate was 21.63%; the forest stock volume was 15.137 billion cubicmeters.

According to2015 Global Forest Resource Assessment Reportby United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, our country has become the country with the fastest growth of annual forest area and stable growth of forest stock in the world. Besides increasing natural forests, plantations are rapidly expanding, and the quality is continuously improving.The forest function transfers from “timber supply base” to “ecological safety barrier”. According to estimation, the main ecological service value which is provided by the forest ecological system in China every year reaches RMB 12.68 trillion. With the development of vegetation biomasss, water conservation quantity and forest carbon sink capacity are further improved.

The total output value of forestry increased from RMB 409 billion in 2001 to RMB 5.94 trillion in 2015, increasing by 13.5 times in 15 years. It made great contribution to overcome poverty and achieve prosperity for more than 700 million rural population.

Forestry reform turns the beautiful scenery into gold and silver mines.State-owned forest farms and forest area are the most important ecological safety barrier. In 2011, 7 provinces, such as Hebei, Zhejiang, etc.were listed as pilots of state-owned forest farm. In 2014, the pilot of stopping commercial clear cutting of natural forests in the key stateowned forest area was launched. In 2015, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the State Council printed and distributed Reform Plan ofState-owned Forest Farm, andReform Guidelines of State-owned Forest Farmto starm the reform comprehensively. Since the reform of collective forest right system in 2008, it has confirmed 2.705 billion mu (1 mu=0.0667 hectares) of land and benefited more than 100 million peasant households directly. The system of forest protection management was ever-improved. Farmers receive material benefits, enterprises win resources ans China gains a sound eco-system.

2011年，河北、浙江等7省被列為國有林場改革試點省。2014年，重點國有林區停止天然林商業性采伐試點啟動。2015年，中共中央、國務院印發《國有林場改革方案》和《國有林區改革指導意見》，全面啟動國有林場和國有林區改革。自2008年集體林權制度改革以來，全國已確權面積27.05億畝，讓1億多農戶直接受益。林權保護管理體系日益完善，走出了一條“林農得實惠、企業得資源、國家得生態”的生態富民新路。

河北省大名縣衛東林場

但森林“提質”迫在眉睫。森林質量不高是我國林業最突出的問題。我國林地生產力低，每公頃蓄積量只有世界平均水平的2／3，影響了生態綜合功能的發揮。近幾年，我國在植樹造林方面花費了大量的人力、物力、財力，造就了世界第一的造林面積。然而生態環境質量并未如預期好轉。全國森林質量參差不齊，甚至有1/4的森林處于亞健康和不健康狀態。此外，林業發展方式落后、經營管理粗放也是導致森林質量低、造林存活率和成林率低的重要原因。

Improving the quality of forests is urgent. Low forest quality is the most outstanding issue of forestry in China. With low productivity of forest land, the forest stock volume per hectare is only 2/3 of world average level. It influences the development of comprehensive ecological function.In recent years, China has spent a large number of manpower, material resources and financial resources on forestation and achieved the largest forestation area in the world. However, the ecological environment does not turn better as expected. The forests in China are on various levels,and even 1/4 of them are in the state of sub-health and ill-health. In addition, backward forestry development mode and extensive operation and management are the main reasons which cause low forest quality, low forestation survival rate, and low rate of forest forming.

The governance capacity of forestry shall be improved. The concept of forest management system and many standards are not applicable for the demand of development under new trend. There are problems of weak science and technology support, backward information construction, low production mechanization degree, weak talent team, and huge funding gap on public welfare forest for a long time. Most of the relatively concentrated forest regions in our country are located at poor and remote areas where the infrastructures and public utilities of road,power supply, drinking water and communications always lag behind.

林業治理能力有待提高。森林治理體系的理念、許多制度已不適應新形勢下林業發展的要求，長期以來，林業科技支撐薄弱、信息化建設滯后、生產機械化程度低、人才隊伍薄弱，營林、培育公益林等資金存在巨大缺口。我國相對集中連片的林區多位于老少邊窮等地區，林區道路、供電、飲水、通信等基礎設施建設和公共事業長期落后。

推進國土綠化“種好樹”，應加強天然林資源保護、三北防護林、京津風沙源治理等重點生態工程建設。堅持封山育林、人工造林并舉，自然修復與人工修復并重。

提升森林治理能力“護好樹”。完善森林法律法規體系，加快修改《森林法》。適度放寬林業管制，突出分類經營、生態優先等原則，推動生態文明建設。建立健全森林資源資產產權制度，完善林業分類經營體制改革，對公益林和商品林實施不同的管理、經營措施。

科學經營森林“管好樹”。調整森林結構，構建健康穩定優質高效的森林生態系統。堅持保護優先、自然修復為主，堅持數量質量并重、質量優先。完善天然林保護制度，全面停止天然林商業性采伐。因林施策，針對不同類型、不同發育階段、不同演替進程的森林，采取更加精準的經營技術措施；公益林嚴格保育、兼用林多功能經營、商品林集約經營。把森林質量提升作為約束性指標納入政府目標考核體系。推進政府與社會資本共同籌資的多元投入機制。全面提高造林質量，優化森林樹種結構，不斷提升森林的多種功能效益。完善相關技術標準規程，強化森林資源保護。

發展林業綠色經濟“用好樹”。破解高效培育技術瓶頸，提高林木材積生長量。提升林產加工業，不斷增強木材和林產品的有效供給能力。大力發展林下經濟，增加生態資源和林地產出。打造特色林業產品示范園區,做大做強森林旅游、森林康養等林業服務業。

Promote land greening. We should strengthen the key ecological project constructions, such as the natural forests protection, Three North Shelterbelt management, and Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control,etc. We should enclose the hills for natural afforestation and reforestation. We should pay equal attention to natural restoration and artificial restoration. We should reinforce the construction of energy forest base and cultivate Large-scale energy forests.

Improve forest governance capacity. We should complete forest laws and regulations system, and accelerate to reviseForest Law. We should liberalize forestry controls moderately, highlight the principle of classified management and ecological priority, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. We should establish a sound system of the property rights of resource and assets, perfect the system reform of forestry classified management, and take different management and operation measures for public welfare forests and commercial forests.

Manage forests scientifically. We should adjust forest structure and establish a healthy, stable and efficient forest ecosystem of high quality.We should give priority to protection and natural restoration and pay attention to quantity and quality simultaneously with quality priority.We should improve the protection system of natural forest and stop commercial cutting of natural forest entirely. We should implement policies in accordance to the different forests with different types, developmental stages and progression of succession. We should nurture public welfare forest strictly, undertake diversified management modes for multi-functional forests and manage commercial forests intensively.We should include forest quality improvement as a binding target into evaluation system of the government, and promote the diversified investment mechanism which is co-financed by the government and social capital. We should improve forestation quality comprehensively,optimize tree species structure, and increase multiple functional benefits. We should polish up related technical regulation, and strengthen forest resource protection.

Develop green economy of forestry. We should break the technical bottleneck of efficient cultivation, and increase the forest volume. We should upgrade forest products processing industry and strengthen effective supply capability of timber and forest products continuously. We should strive to develop under-forest economy, and increase ecological resource and forestry output. We should build demonstration zone of characteristic forestry product, and expand the forestry service industry bigger and stronger, such as forest tourism, forest rehabilitation, etc.