Why kids learn languages more easily than you do

Step 1感知·閱讀導(dǎo)航

話題導(dǎo)入

學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言在任何時(shí)候都比較困難。那么什么時(shí)候才是學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的最佳時(shí)間？如果錯(cuò)過(guò)這個(gè)最佳時(shí)間，是不是我們就永遠(yuǎn)失去了達(dá)到流暢表達(dá)的機(jī)會(huì)呢？對(duì)于成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，如何才能更好地學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言呢？本文將為你揭開(kāi)學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的最佳時(shí)期之謎。

閱讀立意

閱讀時(shí)，應(yīng)達(dá)到以下四個(gè)基本目標(biāo)：

1.通過(guò)快速閱讀，獲取文章段落大意，分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)；

2.能基于文本結(jié)構(gòu)，寫(xiě)出文本概要；

3.能從文本整合信息，進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作表達(dá)；

4.通過(guò)分析和對(duì)比同類(lèi)型的說(shuō)明文，掌握此類(lèi)說(shuō)明文的行文特征。

Learning a second language istrickyat any age.Now， in a new study， scientists have discovered that yourchanceof reaching fluency in a second language seem to suddenly decrease at the exact age of ten.

The study， published in the journal Cognition，found thatit'snearly impossible forlanguage learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after age ten.But that's not because language skills start togo downhill.“Itturns outyou're still learning fast，” says Joshua Hartshorne，an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College.“It's just that you run out oftime， because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old.People who start learning a language a few years after age ten may still become quite good at it，but they are unlikely to become fluent.”

學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言在任何年齡都是棘手的。現(xiàn)在，在一項(xiàng)新的研究中，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在你10歲的時(shí)候，你在第二語(yǔ)言達(dá)到流利的可能性似乎突然減少了。

發(fā)表在《認(rèn)知》雜志上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者在10歲后開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言，就幾乎不可能達(dá)到母語(yǔ)水平的流利程度。但這不是因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言技能開(kāi)始退化。波士頓學(xué)院的心理學(xué)助理教授喬舒亞·哈茨霍恩說(shuō)：“事實(shí)證明，你仍在快速學(xué)習(xí)，只是你沒(méi)有時(shí)間了，因?yàn)槟愕膶W(xué)習(xí)能力在17歲或18歲左右開(kāi)始下降。在10歲以后的幾年時(shí)間里才開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的人仍然很擅長(zhǎng)語(yǔ)言，但他們不太可能流利。”

For the study，the researchers created an online quizpromisingto guess people's native language，dialect（方言）and home country based on their responses to English grammar questions.The quizwent viral： almost 670，000 people took it， giving the researchers huge amounts of data from English speakers of different ages and backgrounds.Analyzing (分析)the responses and grammar mistakes allowed them todraw unusually precise conclusionsabout language learning.

Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons.Children's brains are more plastic than those of adults，meaning they're better able to adapt andrespond tonew information.“All learning involves the brain changing，” Hartshorne says， “and children's brains seem to be a lot more skillful at changing.”Kids may also be more willing to try new things than adults.Theircomparativelynew grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous.Unlike adults，who tend to default（默認(rèn)）to the rules andpatternsof their first language，kids may be able to approach a new one witha blank slate.

These findings may seem discouraging，but it is exciting for scientists to learn that thecriticalperiod for fluent language acquisition（習(xí)得）might be longer than previously thought.Some scientists believed that the window begins to close shortly after birth，while othersstretchedit to earlyadolescence.Compared with thoseestimates， age 17 or 18—when languagelearning ability starts to drop off—seems relatively old.

The findings also offerinsightsfor adults hoping topick upa new tongue.Peopleget alongbetter when they learn by immersion（沉浸）， rather than simply in a classroom.And moving to a place where your desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult.If that's not anoption，you can create an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers.By doing so，it's possible to become proficient（熟練的）in a second language—even without the advantage of a child's brain.

在研究中，研究人員創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)在線測(cè)試，希望能根據(jù)人們對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題的回答來(lái)猜測(cè)人們的母語(yǔ)、方言和家鄉(xiāng)。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試廣泛傳播：將近670，000人參加了這項(xiàng)測(cè)試，它給研究者提供了大量來(lái)自不同年齡和背景的英語(yǔ)使用者的數(shù)據(jù)。分析反應(yīng)和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤使他們能夠得出異常精確的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)論。

孩子們可能比成年人更善于學(xué)習(xí)新的語(yǔ)言，原因有很多。孩子們的大腦比成年人的大腦更具可塑性，這意味著他們能夠更好地適應(yīng)和應(yīng)對(duì)新的信息?！八械膶W(xué)習(xí)都涉及大腦的變化，”哈茨霍恩說(shuō)，“孩子的大腦似乎更善于改變。”孩子們也可能比成年人更愿意嘗試新事物。他們對(duì)母語(yǔ)的理解相對(duì)較新，也可能是有利的。不像成年人，他們傾向于默認(rèn)第一語(yǔ)言的規(guī)則和模式，孩子們可能會(huì)用空白板應(yīng)對(duì)新的語(yǔ)言。

這些發(fā)現(xiàn)似乎令人沮喪，但科學(xué)家們很興奮地得知，流利語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期可能比先前設(shè)想的要長(zhǎng)。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，這扇窗戶(hù)在出生后不久就會(huì)關(guān)閉，而另一些科學(xué)家則將其延長(zhǎng)至青春期早期。與這些估計(jì)相比，當(dāng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)能力開(kāi)始下降時(shí)，17歲或18歲——似乎相對(duì)較晚。

這些發(fā)現(xiàn)也為那些希望學(xué)會(huì)一種新的語(yǔ)言的成年人提供了信息。當(dāng)人們通過(guò)沉浸式的學(xué)習(xí)而不是僅僅在課堂上學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，他們進(jìn)步更快。搬到一個(gè)地方，你想說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言被說(shuō)的地方，是成年人學(xué)習(xí)的最好方法。如果這不是一個(gè)選擇，你可以通過(guò)尋找以這種語(yǔ)言為母語(yǔ)的人進(jìn)行對(duì)話的方法來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)沉浸式的環(huán)境。通過(guò)這樣做，即使沒(méi)有孩子們大腦的優(yōu)勢(shì)，也有可能成為精通一門(mén)新語(yǔ)言的人。

Step 2 實(shí)踐·文本解讀

閱讀掃障

Ⅰ.熟詞生義

Ⅱ.熱詞積累

Vocabulary

1.tricky adj.difficult to do or deal with難對(duì)付的

2.comparatively adv.relatively相對(duì)地；比較而言地

3.critical adj.extremely important關(guān)鍵的；極重要的

4.adolescence n.the time in a person's life when he or she develops from a child into an adult青春期；青春

5.estimate n.a judgement that you make without having the exact details about the size， amount，cost，etc.of sth 估計(jì)；估價(jià)

6.insight n.an understanding of what sth is like洞悉；了解

7.option n.something that you can choose to have or do選擇；選擇權(quán)

Phrases

1.go downhill走下坡路；每況愈下

2.turn out結(jié)果是

3.run out of用完；耗盡

4.go viral像病毒一樣傳播開(kāi)來(lái)；廣泛傳播

5.draw unusually precise conclusions得出非常精確的結(jié)論

6.respond to...響應(yīng)……；對(duì)……做出反應(yīng)

7.a blank slate一塊白板

8.get along進(jìn)行；進(jìn)展

Ⅲ.長(zhǎng)難句分析

The study，published in the journal Cognition，found that it's nearly impossible for language learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after age ten.發(fā)表在《認(rèn)知》雜志上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者在10歲后開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言，就幾乎不可能達(dá)到母語(yǔ)水平的流利程度。

【點(diǎn)石成金】整個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)為 the study，謂語(yǔ)為found，其后接that引導(dǎo)的為賓語(yǔ)從句。published in the journal Cognition作后置定語(yǔ)修飾study；that從句中，句型結(jié)構(gòu) “it's+adj.for sb to do...”表示“對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是……的”；同時(shí)，if引導(dǎo)的為條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

句式仿寫(xiě)

由文牧野導(dǎo)演的電影《我不是藥神》一上映就大受歡迎。（用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)）

立意呈現(xiàn)

Ⅰ.關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇銜接。

請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)诳焖贋g覽文章時(shí)，勾畫(huà)出以下句子，圈出加黑單詞。

【思考】

1.為什么要勾畫(huà)出這些句子？

2.為什么要關(guān)注這些加黑單詞？

Ⅱ.分析語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)。

本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)調(diào)查研究，請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下表格，思考作者從哪些方面了介紹這項(xiàng)研究，每空一詞。

【點(diǎn)石成金】要做到快速獲取段落大意，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，需要同學(xué)們關(guān)注行文的走向，判斷出每段的主旨句?；谥髦季?，運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行概括和提煉。

Step 3 運(yùn)用·讀寫(xiě)整合

Ⅰ.概要寫(xiě)作

1.基于以上對(duì)文本的結(jié)構(gòu)分析，請(qǐng)先回答以下問(wèn)題，每空一詞。注意：回答時(shí)，根據(jù)你對(duì)文本的理解，先不看原文，完成后再核對(duì)。

【點(diǎn)石成金】在閱讀科學(xué)研究類(lèi)說(shuō)明文時(shí)，應(yīng)抓住說(shuō)明對(duì)象，即研究結(jié)果；說(shuō)明角度，即從哪些方面進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的；說(shuō)明方法和順序。那么本文先是點(diǎn)出研究結(jié)果，進(jìn)而從研究方法、產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的原因以及結(jié)果給人們帶來(lái)的積極意義等三方面并以一定的邏輯順序進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的。

2.根據(jù)以上表格中的問(wèn)題和答案提示，寫(xiě)出本文概要。

【點(diǎn)石成金】在寫(xiě)概要時(shí)，應(yīng)抓住文本結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)每一方面進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)。所以本文應(yīng)從研究結(jié)果、方法、結(jié)果背后的原因以及結(jié)果給人們帶來(lái)的積極意義四方面進(jìn)行概述。本文以一定的邏輯順序（結(jié)果—原因）展開(kāi)，寫(xiě)概要時(shí)，基于這樣的順序，運(yùn)用合理的連接詞來(lái)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇銜接。

Ⅱ.情景寫(xiě)作

假定你是李華，你的數(shù)學(xué)老師王老師明年需要去英國(guó)訪學(xué)。她最近學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)遇到了很多困難，并且對(duì)如何才能快速有效地提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)感到很困惑，請(qǐng)你幫她支招。內(nèi)容包括：

1.說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信意圖；

2.分析學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)困難的原因；

3.提出合理的解決措施。注意：

1.詞數(shù)150詞左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

3.開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Dear Miss Wang，

I am glad to hear that you won the chance of studying in England next year.

I hope these suggestions can offer some insights for you.

Sincerely，

Li Hua

【寫(xiě)作分析】

Step 4 提升·素養(yǎng)建構(gòu)

【對(duì)比提升】

《為什么孩子比成年人學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言更容易》與2016年四川卷閱讀理解D篇結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比

背景信息：2016·四川閱讀理解D篇

體裁：有關(guān)科學(xué)研究的說(shuō)明文

文章大意：牛奶，尤其是晚上產(chǎn)的牛奶更有助于人們睡眠。

A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.

Researchers have discovered that“night milk” contains more melatonin（褪黑激素）， which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.

The study， by researchers from Seoul， South Korea， involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.

Those given night milk， which contained ten times the amount of melatonin， were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.

While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.

Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night.

【閱讀策略】在閱讀時(shí)，我們可以判斷這同樣是一篇科學(xué)研究類(lèi)說(shuō)明文?？山Y(jié)合我們剛才學(xué)過(guò)的文本結(jié)構(gòu)分析來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，思考作者來(lái)從哪些方面對(duì)該研究進(jìn)行介紹的？

閱讀理解提升1：《為什么孩子比成年人學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言更容易》

1.According to the passage，which is the most suitable way for an ordinary Chinese worker to improve his oral English？

A.Moving to foreign countries like America.

B.Attending an English corner in a middle school.

C.Signing up for an online course to talk with native speakers.

D.Making a pen pal who comes from America.

閱讀理解提升2：2016年四川卷閱讀理解D篇

2.How does the author support the theme of the text？

A.By giving examples. B.By stating arguments.

C.By explaining statistical data. D.By providing research results.