千古長城義烏情

呂斌

2017年11月中旬的一天，燕山之麓，秋色濃重。河北省撫寧縣駐操營鎮董家口村，這個地處河北與遼寧交界的長城腳下古村落已是半山余暉。在村口有著四百多年歷史的大毛山古城堡前，鑼鼓喧天，寒風中義烏兵后裔陳慶魁、吳玉久等身穿盛裝，跳起大秧歌，歡送即將回程的義烏家鄉人。

從11月5日起，由浙江省義烏市志編輯部、義烏市文化館、義烏商報報業集團、義烏市攝影家協會牽頭，義烏市人文影像田野調查工作坊組織實施的長城腳下義烏兵后裔古村落首次影像調查行之“董家口”正式啟動。與以往不同，此次影像調查行目的是為了搶救珍貴的文史資料，全方位深度記錄長城腳下義烏兵古村落現狀。

義烏兵后裔為何長期生活在長城腳下？這要追溯到明代。

民族英雄戚繼光在浙閩沿海抗擊倭寇。他考察了浙江各地的兵源，最后選擇在義烏作主要征召。這支部隊被稱為戚家軍，威名遠揚后世幾百年。明隆慶、萬歷年間，義烏兵為主的戚家軍在東南沿海浙、閩、粵地區抗倭取得全面勝利后，戚繼光應召北上薊鎮，先后有5批共1.5萬南兵應征，這1.5萬南兵中，大多數是義烏兵。他們駐守在長城沿線，戍邊抗虜，屯田軍墾，很多人從此留在這里繁衍生息。從那時起，千古長城義烏兵與浙江的親人相隔數千里。

地處燕山深處的董家口村，是戚繼光率義烏兵建造的薊鎮長城的一個重要關塞。董家口村由大毛山、坡城子、董家口3個自然村及古城堡組成，據《永平府志》載，大毛山城堡為磚筑，高二丈五尺，城周一里，東、南各有門。堡北群山聳立對峙，雙峰并立，關門即設在雙峰之間。

為期一個多星期的實地調查拍攝，調查組分組分區塊，用攝影、視頻、音頻、文字記錄等方式，首次系統調查記錄原生態的長城腳下義烏兵后裔古村落。用影像全面真實記錄古村落的歷史與地理、人囗、交通與水口、建筑、教育、醫療健康、宗教與信仰、居住習俗及手藝人和文化娛樂等十五大類。

董家口村是“長城腳下義烏兵后裔古村落首次影像調查行”的首站，意義特殊。“古時董家口是北方薊鎮長城的重要關塞，周邊近9公里長城是國內原始明長城保持最好區段，有31座敵樓、14座烽火臺，城堡、敵樓雖經歷400多年風雨，依然保持滄桑風貌。現董家口村周邊的長城上當年修建的一座座敵樓都以守樓義烏兵的姓氏為名，叫做吳家樓、駱家樓等。現董家口村村民有吳姓、陳姓、駱姓、孫姓等，姓氏豐富，都是跟隨戚繼光戍邊的義烏兵——當年的樓臺軍。”義烏市志編輯部副主編施章岳介紹。

義烏市人文影像田野調查工作坊負責人金福根關注長城腳下義烏兵題材七年多。據他介紹，義烏兵古村落影像調查行是項長期的調查項目，旨在全方位記錄留存有關長城腳下義烏兵后裔古村落原始影像，記錄歷史關注當下，讓更多人了解這段歷史，其他古村落調查將在今后陸續實施推出。此次展示的是其中的“人物肖像”“古建筑”“民風民俗”三大篇章。

國內著名長城專家、中國長城學會副會長董耀會對義烏啟動的這項工作給予很高的評價。他說，長城歷史研究，以往更多關注的長城建筑本體和長城相關歷史事件。最大的不足是對不同歷史時期生活在長城上或長城腳下的“人”的記錄和研究不夠。研究長城歷史，首先要了解人，要知道這些歷史時期的人是怎么生活的。今天生活在董家口這樣的長城堡寨中的人，是歷史的繼承和延續。不懂得他們，也就無法了解那個歷史時期的人。研究他們、記錄他們是研究長城歷史的重要環節。

（本文照片由作者拍攝）

Yiwu Cultural Workers Visit Hometown Brethren in Northeast

By Lyu Bin

On November 5， 2017， a group of photographers arrived at Dongjiakou Village in Funing County， Liaoning Province in northeast China to conduct a field study. The photographers all came from Yiwu， now famed as the worlds biggest marketplace of household commodities. They came to visit their distant relatives--the descendents of the soldiers who all came from Yiwu over 400 years to guard the northern border and build the Great Wall.

The field study was jointly sponsored by the Yiwu City Annals， Yiwu City Cultural Center， Yiwu Business Press Group， Yiwu Photographers Association， and Yiwu Cultural Media Field Study Workshop. The photographers were tasked to photograph the village， its people and the Great Wall. All the photographs will be a part of a complete and comprehensive audio-video-text database about the village where the descendents of the soldiers still live.endprint

Over 400 years ago， General Qi Jiguang decidedly annihilated Japanese pirates along the coastal provinces of Zhejiang， Guangdong and Fujian. Over 15，000 soldiers from Yiwu followed him to the Northeast to guard the northern border and build the Great Wall.

Dongjiakou Village， deep in Yanshan Mountain， is home to an ancient fortress， a part of the Great Wall， and three natural hamlets. According to local annals， the fortress originally stood 8.3 meters tall and about 500 meters around with two gates in the east and the south.

The field study was carried out in compliance with a well-formulated 15-aspect plan. The photographers recorded details in fields such as history， geography， population， transportation， water supply， architecture， education， medical and health care， religion and faith， lifestyle and custom， folk art， culture and entertainment.

The Great Wall near the fortress， originally built in the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）， is the best preserved in the country. The section is about nine kilometers long， composed of 31 watchtowers and 14 beacon towers. All the watchtowers are named after the surnames of the soldier clans that came from Yiwu and settled down. Originally， all the villages there were military barracks.

Jin Fugen， a photographer who heads the field study workshop， has been concerned with the Yiwu soldiers and their descendents in the northeast over the past seven years. He says that the image field study is a long-term survey designed to build up a historical record of the descendents of Yiwu soldiers and the villages nestled near the Great Wall. Over the past 7 years， he has built up a photo database of the villages and their residents. The photos can be categorized in portraits， ancient architecture， and lifestyle and customs.

Dong Yaohui， a prominent expert on the ancient Great Wall and deputy chair of China Great Wall Studies Association， spoke highly of the program initiated by Yiwu. “In the past， studies of the history of the Great Wall focused largely on the hardware of the Great Wall and relevant historical events. Attention to the people involved with the Great Wall was inadequate，” Dong pointed out. “The study of people in different historical periods helps the study of the Great Wall. The people now living these barrack villages carry on the history. They are a key part of the study of the Great Wall.”endprint