隱匿在城市的歷史容顏

◇ 文 | 本刊記者 胡 婷 圖| 游 宇

化龍橋虎頭巖《新華日報》總館

在渝中區，虎頭巖下，化龍橋一帶，如今有個時髦的地方，“重慶天地”。新建的高檔小區、商場，使這一地段成了高端的代名詞。

在這里的城市深處，隱匿著一段特殊的歷史。當年，在抗戰最緊急的關頭，《新華日報》在虎頭巖下，發出了強勁的聲音。

Located beneath the Hutouyan scenic spot in Yuzhong District, near Hualongqiao Street, Chongqing Tiandi has enjoyed an enviable reputation for high-end zone, where fancy residences and stylish shopping malls are newly built.

A piece of special history was hidden in this city.During the critical time in Sino-Japanese War, Xinhua Daily had played a very important role.

尋訪低調中的壯懷激烈

Look for the Great Aspiration from the Low Proベle

說起《新華日報》，大多數重慶人都能記起渝中區民生路上，一幢三層磚木結構的樓房。事實上，那里是《新華日報》當時的營業部。1938年1月11日，《新華日報》在武漢創刊，同年10月25日遷往重慶繼續出版發行，報館位于蒼坪街和西三街。

1939年，“五三”“五四”大轟炸后，報館被炸毀，總經理熊瑾玎四處打探，將新的館址選在了化龍橋虎頭巖下，一個叫做“陳獨立堂”的地方。當年8月13日，大轟炸后的第一張《新華日報》就在這里出版了。

找到這個地方，頗費一番周折。

重慶天地一處建設工地，一名建筑工人聽說我們在打聽《新華日報》總館舊址，主動當起了領路人。從嘉濱路華村公交站下車，往虎頭巖走上一公里山路，廢棄的成渝鐵路橋出現在眼前。

“沿著鐵路往下，再繞過山彎彎，順著下面那條路，一直走下去就到了。”從山上望去，在黃葛樹掩映下，建筑物似乎已無跡可尋。帶著不確定性，我們慢慢走近，直到看見一扇大門的石墻上，清晰鑲嵌刻著“新華日報館舊址”字樣的匾額。

這里是化龍橋虎頭巖村86號。2011年7月7日，《新華日報》總館舊址正式復原開放，它坐落在美麗的嘉陵江畔，背倚巍巍虎頭巖，修復的總館基本保持了原址原貌。

走進大門，五棟房屋依山而建。綠林掩映下，藍灰色外墻的磚房古樸中顯現著一種蒼老。

Most local people still remember the threestorey house with brick-wood construction in the Minsheng Road, Yuzhong District, the initial business office of Xinhua Daily. Founded in Wuhan in Jan.1, 1938 and removed to Chongqing in Oct.25 of the same year, the office was located in Cangping Street and the Xisan Street respectively.

However, the newspaper office was destroyed by the successive bombings on May 3 and May 4, 1939. The manager Xiong Jinding decided to establish a new one at a place named Chendulitang beneath the Hutouyan near Hualongqiao Street.The first issue of Xinhua Daily newspaper after the deadly two bombings was published here.

It took efforts to find this place.

At one construction site in Chongqing Tiandi,a worker volunteered to be our guide, taking us to the former site of the Xinhua Daliy. Getting off from the Huacun bus station at Jiabin Road and taking one-kilometer mountain road toward the Hutouyan,the abandoned Chengdu-Chongqing Railroad bridge showed ahead of us.

“Go down the railroad, bypass the mountain road and then go straight,” said the worker. From the top of the hill, the office seemed unseen with thick trees covered. We approached slowly with uncertainty and finally arrived at the front door. There was a tablet suspended on its stone wall, writing The Old Site of the Xinhua Daily News Office.

Here was the No.86, Hutouyan village,Hualongqiao. Located at the beautiful Jialing river bank, leaning the towering Hutouyan, it was reopened to the public after restoring since July 7,2011. The original appearance had been preserved.

Getting into the front door, we could see five houses surrounded by the mountain. Shaded by green trees, the blue gray wall of the house revealed with primitive simplicity and a sense of history.

寧靜的當下與不平靜的過往

Quiet present and unquiet past

與蒼老相呼應的，是這里的寧靜。而腳下沉淀的，卻是一座里程碑。

透過樹葉扶疏的甬道望去，依次排列著《新華日報》總館的經理部、總務科、傳達室、編輯部（白班及夜班）、排字房、會議室、會客室、員工宿舍、裝訂房、資料室等房間。

走進陳列室，文字、圖片及實物陳列、文獻檔案，又將我們腦中的設想填充得更飽滿。

鄭之東，1943年至1946年期間，曾兩次參加《新華日報》的副刊編輯工作。“回想起抗日戰爭勝利前后那風云激變的日子里在《新華日報》這個革命陣地上的戰斗，心中永遠是熱乎乎的；像一匹老戰馬一樣，想奔馳，想沖鋒。”他還記得，新聞版的同事下班時間很晚，那時重慶經常停電，有時要點汽燈，有時就只好點起蠟燭來改排、改拼版子。

更加銘心刻骨的記憶，來自應對國民黨反動派的報刊檢查。1943年，毛澤東《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》發表后，全文傳到重慶，交給新華日報報館。按當時檢查“行情”來看，原文抄送檢查顯然不能過關。大家研究后，決定采用“化整為零”的戰術，由三位副刊編輯把全文“化”為三篇文章，盡量摘錄原文，要么就是概述，然后分作幾次，搭配一些言辭激烈的政論短評一齊送檢。果然，三篇文章慢慢都蓋上了“檢訖”的圖章。1944年元旦，報紙用了一個整版，加上醒目標題《毛澤東同志對文藝問題的意見》。

The tranquility here echoed with the long history,while what hided underfoot was a milestone.

Seeing from the pathway with exuberant trees, we noticed that along the way lined the Manager Office,General Affairs Division, Reception Office, Editorial Office, Typesetting Room, Meeting Room, Sitting Room, Staff Quarters, Binding Room, Archives Room and so on in sequence.

Walking into the exhibition room, we learned the history through the reports, pictures, some relics and archives here enriched our mind.

Zheng Zhidong had been a supplement editor of Xinhua Daily twice from 1943 to 1946, in his words,being thrilled when every time he recalled those drastic days working there during the Sino-Japanese War. He worked like a senior steed that tried to gallop and charge forward. When colleagues of news column worked late, with frequent power outages in Chongqing, only gas lamps and candles were available.

The memory of Kuomingtang’s inspection of newspaper was more than vivid. In 1943, after Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art delivered by Mao Zedong , the whole passage was faxed to Xinhua Daily. It was impossible to publish such a revolutionary article, concerning the inspection standard then. The office determined to cut the whole into three parts and rewrite it as faithful as possible.Then the three passages were submitted respectively with other sharper political essays, which tricked the inspection as expected. On New Year’s Day in 1944,a whole page in Xinhua Daily was print them with an outstanding headline--the View of Comrade Mao Zedong About Literature and Art.

1957年2月5日，周恩來重返重慶化龍橋《新華日報》總館時與隨行和陪同人員在原報館編輯部門前留影。

毛澤東為這支“新華軍”點贊

Thumbs-Up for Army of Xinhua Daily

此刻的報館在虎頭巖山谷的角落里，沉靜而安寧，往事的轟烈更為震撼。

20世紀40年代，延安的《解放日報》和重慶的《新華日報》是中共黨報歷史上兩份里程碑式的報紙。前者文風直白通俗、情緒鮮明，以此動員邊區讀者。在重慶,《新華日報》則以團結抗戰和統一戰線為旗幟，團結社會各界人士、群體，進行抗戰動員。

1947年2月28日，重慶的《新華日報》總館被國民黨無理查封，結束了它七年半的革命生涯。在《新華日報》出版的3231期報紙中，有近3000期都是在重慶出版。《新華日報》是中國共產黨在民主革命時期發行時間最長、發行量最大、影響最廣的一份報紙，立下了“赫赫戰功”。

1941年1月6日，國民黨頑固派制造了震驚中外的“皖南事變”。周恩來憤然揮筆題詞——“千古奇冤，江南一葉，同室操戈，相煎何急？！”“為江南死國難者志哀”。18日黎明前，就是在重慶《新華日報》總館的防空洞內，印有周恩來手跡的報紙大量印刷，送到讀者手中，張貼在重慶的大街小巷。

“皖南事變”真相從山城傳開。

“皖南事變”后，周恩來還將《新華日報》編印的大量材料，動員外國記者帶到香港、南洋、美國發表，揭露蔣介石的陰謀。

1945年9月，毛澤東赴重慶談判期間，這樣評價《新華日報》的成績：我們不僅有一支八路軍、新四軍，我們還有一支“新華軍”。

多年后，報館的托兒所和食堂等房屋早已倒塌，所幸編輯部和排字房等幾間主要的房屋還在，1949年10月以后，一直作為附近工廠的職工住房，后來也成為危房。1982年，重慶市政府將整棟樓收歸紅巖革命紀念館，紅巖聯線的專家按照當年的原樣修復。

走出報館，周圍已是高樓林立，還能聽到附近施工隊轟鳴嘈雜作業的機器聲。老報館還在，靜靜地立在現實里。

The office now lies in the valley of Hutouyan Mount with serenity, yet abounding with a breathtaking history.

There were two milestones in the history of the party newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party,namely Jiefang Daily in Yan’an and Xinhua Daily in Chongqing in 1940s. As the former’s simple and encouraging words kept people up, the latter was committed to unify and hearten every Chinese people and social groups, taking the banner of solidarity and a united front to fight against Japanese invasion.

Xinhua Daily was closed down by Kuomingtang on Feb. 28,1947 with no proper reason, thus finishing her seven and a half year’s revolutionary career. Nearly 3000 of 3231 issues were published in Chongqing, making it the most time-honored and popular newspaper with the largest circulation issued by CCP during the period of democratic revolution, which had made remarkable achievement.

When South Anhui Incident occurred in China Jan.6th 1941 by the diehard in Kuomingtang, he brushed his indignation into soaring words. At predawn, in Jan.18, the newspaper with Zhou Enlai’s handwriting was printed in a bomb shelter,delivered to households and pasted around every corner in Chongqing.

The truth of South Anhui Incident spread from Chongqing.

After that, he kept a close contact with foreign journalists and introduced them many a related information offered by Xinhua Daily so as to unveil Chiang Kai-shek’s intrigue to the world.

Mao Zedong appreciated Xinhua Daily like this: we possess not only the Eighth Route Army and the New Forth Army but also an army of Xinhua Daily, when visiting Chongqing for a peaceful talk in September 1945.

Years later, its nursery and canteen have long gone, but fortunately the main building for editing and typesetting survived, accommodating workers in neighboring factories since October 1949 and getting dilapidated afterwards. The local government of Chongqing made it a part of Hongyan Revolutionary Memorial Halland and many specialists restored it according to its original form.

Walking out of the office, you will be surrounded by high-rise buildings and hear the roar of engines from the nearby construction workers. The old museum is still here, standing quietly in the real world.