名師點(diǎn)睛

Q1：滿勝老師好，我想問一下“There were many delicious dishes， all cooked exactly as he liked them.”這個(gè)句子中的as從句怎么解讀。它是方式狀語從句嗎？這個(gè)them為啥感覺怪怪的？

A1：這個(gè)as從句是方式狀語從句，修飾cooked，用來表示烹飪的方式。我們可以把a(bǔ)s改為the way說成the way he liked them，這里的them指代dishes。因?yàn)榉绞綘钫Z從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“as +完整的陳述句”，比如這里he liked them就是一個(gè)完整的陳述句，所以句末的them保留了。再比如：a. I don't understand why he behaves as he does. （我不理解為什么他要那樣做。） b. I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. （我以前從來都不被允許按照自己的意愿來做事。）可以看到，在這兩句話中as、the way后邊接的都是完整的陳述句。

方式狀語從句除了可以單純地談?wù)撃硞€(gè)動(dòng)作的方式（如以上例句）外，還可以比較兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的方式。比如：John wore his hat perched on the back of his head， just as his favorite old movie stars did. （約翰把帽子扣在腦后，就如同他喜歡的那些老電影明星戴帽子的方式一樣。）句中的just是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，所以我們經(jīng)常會(huì)見到j(luò)ust as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。這樣的as從句還可以用在be動(dòng)詞后邊。比如：Your sentence is exactly as I would have said it.

最后值得注意的是，題干句子中的“all cooked ...”是一個(gè)獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，其中cooked是過去分詞，all是cooked的邏輯主語，相當(dāng)于all （dishes） were cooked ...。

Q2：請教滿勝老師，下面這兩個(gè)as從句到底該如何分析它們的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，我一點(diǎn)頭緒都沒有。如何區(qū)分as引導(dǎo)的到底是定語從句還是狀語從句？從句的意思怎么翻譯比較準(zhǔn)確？

a. Cattle were introduced from Asia， as probably were domestic sheep and goats.

b. Wind velocity increases with latitude and may cause serious stress for trees， as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

A2：雖然兩個(gè)as從句都含有as be結(jié)構(gòu)（分別是as were和as is），但二者有本質(zhì)差別。a句中的as從句結(jié)構(gòu)是“as +助動(dòng)詞+主語”，而b句的as從句結(jié)構(gòu)是“as （主語） +謂語”。也就是說，a句的as從句是一個(gè)倒裝句，as代指前面句子所說的情況，而b句的as從句是一個(gè)定語從句，as直接充當(dāng)從句的主語。下面我來舉例詳述。

“as +助動(dòng)詞+主語”是描述一個(gè)與前面主句的謂語情形相同的情形（used to add that what you have said is also true of someone or something else）。或者說，這里的as代替了前面主句的謂語內(nèi)容。比如：John is tall， as is his father. （約翰很高，他爸爸也很高。）這里的as is相當(dāng)于is tall。再比如：I love English， as does John. （我喜歡英文，約翰也是。）這里的as does相當(dāng)于loves English。

據(jù)此分析，我們來看a句：Cattle were introduced from Asia， as probably were domestic sheep and goats. 后半句話就相當(dāng)于domestic sheep and goats were also introduced from Asia，整句話的意思是“牛是從亞洲引進(jìn)的，家畜綿羊和山羊很可能也是（從亞洲引進(jìn)的）”。再比如：Interestingly， the Chinese associate "green" with "unripe"， as do we English speakers. 句中的as do替代了前面主句的謂語associate "green" with "unripe"，整句話的意思是“有趣的是，中國人把‘綠色的和‘未成熟的聯(lián)系在一起，這就如同我們這些講英語的人一樣”。

那么，這樣的as從句算是什么從句呢？考慮到它其實(shí)是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此應(yīng)該是狀語從句，而不是定語從句。我們可以把它看成是一個(gè)含有比較意味的方式狀語從句，但這里的比較與問題一中所說的比較動(dòng)作方式不同，此處是比較整個(gè)謂語內(nèi)容。請比較下面兩個(gè)句子：c. Mary cooked a turkey as Jenny did. d. Mary cooked a turkey， as did Jenny. c句通常被理解成是在比較Mary和Jenny烹飪火雞的方式，尤其是當(dāng)把did換成表示虛擬的would have時(shí)（Mary cooked a turkey as Jenny would have.）就更會(huì)這么理解了。而d句則是表示兩人都烹飪了各自的火雞，而不表示比較烹飪方式。

綜上所述，as方式狀語從句可以有三個(gè)層面的含義和用法：一是單純談?wù)撃硞€(gè)動(dòng)作的方式，比如：There were many delicious dishes， all cooked exactly as he liked them （as從句表示烹飪的方式）. 二是比較兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的方式，比如：In spite of our warnings and explanations it drew him as the moon draws water （the moon draws water是完整的陳述句）. 三是比較兩個(gè)謂語內(nèi)容，說它們是一樣的，此時(shí)采用倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)“as +助動(dòng)詞+主語”，比如：It can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn't taste of anything special， it's still worth a try， as is the knobbly （多疙瘩的） Cat's Head （as從句相當(dāng)于the knobbly Cat's Head is also worth a try，即Decio和Cat's Head兩種蘋果都值得嘗嘗） which is more of a curiosity than anything else.

接下來我們來討論問題中的b句：Wind velocity increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees， as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. 這是as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，as指代前面主句的內(nèi)容，整句話的意思是“風(fēng)速隨著海拔的升高而增大，并且可能導(dǎo)致樹木面臨巨大的應(yīng)力，這一點(diǎn)從高海拔地區(qū)樹枝的扭曲變形可得到證實(shí)”。這里的as在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，后接謂語is made，形容詞evident是主語補(bǔ)足語。我們也可以引入動(dòng)詞evidence，把a(bǔ)s is made evident替換成as is evidenced：Wind velocity increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees， as is evidenced by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. 大家可以把“as is evidenced by ...”當(dāng)成一個(gè)句型來記，基本意思是“這一點(diǎn)被……所證實(shí)”。比如：The volcano is still active， as is evidenced by the recent eruption. （這座火山還是座活火山，這一點(diǎn)已經(jīng)被最近一次的噴發(fā)證實(shí)。）再比如：In addition to scientific talent， John had artistic talent， as is evidenced by the excellent drawings in his papers about the nervous system. （除了科學(xué)才能，約翰還有藝術(shù)方面的才華，這一點(diǎn)從他那有關(guān)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的論文中的精美繪畫可得到證實(shí)。）

延伸拓展

在英文中，as可以引導(dǎo)各種邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的從句，這是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。上文我們討論了as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句和定語從句，關(guān)于二者的區(qū)分，最簡單的判斷就是：as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句是完整的，而as引導(dǎo)的定語從句是不完整的，因?yàn)閍s要在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分（比如主語或賓語）。只不過，as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句有時(shí)會(huì)采用省略結(jié)構(gòu)，這就讓句子結(jié)構(gòu)看起來不完整，因而會(huì)被誤判為定語從句，最終導(dǎo)致邏輯語義關(guān)系理解錯(cuò)誤。所以，大家還是要熟練掌握各類as從句的邏輯構(gòu)造原理，方能真正駕馭as從句。