科學(xué)界的巨匠

物理學(xué)家。江西宜黃人。1929年畢業(yè)于南京東南大學(xué)。1937年獲英國(guó)曼徹斯特大學(xué)理學(xué)博士學(xué)位。吉林大學(xué)教授。主要從事x射線晶體學(xué)、金屬物理、固體物理理論等方面的研究與教學(xué)并取得突出成就。30年代研制出中國(guó)第一臺(tái)蓋革計(jì)數(shù)器。1942年創(chuàng)立x射線晶體結(jié)構(gòu)分析新綜合法，被國(guó)際晶體學(xué)界譽(yù)為國(guó)際上第一流晶體學(xué)家。40年代研制出中國(guó)第一臺(tái)抽氣式x光機(jī)。1950年研制出中國(guó)第一支醫(yī)用封閉式x光管。70年代在固體與分子經(jīng)驗(yàn)電子理論研究方面獲重要成果。在培養(yǎng)科學(xué)人才方面作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

1955年被選聘為中國(guó)科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Physicist. Born in Yihuang， Jiangxi Province. Graduated from Dongnan University， Nanjing in 1929. Received Sc.D. from Manchest University ， UK in 1937. Professor， Jilin University.

Yu is mainly engaged in the research and teaching in the fields of X-ray crystallography， metal physics and solid physics and has made outstanding achievements. In the 1930s， he developed Chinas first Geiger counter. In 1942， he established a new synthesis method of X-ray crystal structure analysis and therefore was regarded as the first class crystallographist in the world. He also developed Chinas first pumped X-ray generator in the 1940s and first pumped X-ray tube for medical use in the 1950s. In the 1970s， he made important successes in empirical electronic theory of solids and molecules. He also contributed a lot to the training of scientefic personnel.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

天文學(xué)家。福建閩侯人。1926年畢業(yè)于美國(guó)芝加哥大學(xué)天文學(xué)系。1929年獲葉凱士天文臺(tái)天文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。中國(guó)科學(xué)院紫金山天文臺(tái)研究員、臺(tái)長(zhǎng)、名譽(yù)臺(tái)長(zhǎng)。1928年發(fā)現(xiàn)1125號(hào)小行星，命名為“中華”。30多年來(lái)拍攝和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)拍攝到7000多次小行星和彗星的精確位置，發(fā)現(xiàn)80多顆小行星和3顆命名為“紫金山”的新彗星。1957年初應(yīng)用天體力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論對(duì)人造衛(wèi)星軌道問題作了開創(chuàng)性研究。開創(chuàng)并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了多個(gè)領(lǐng)域天文學(xué) 研究，取得多項(xiàng)重要成果。在天文學(xué)史研究、天文儀器研制、天文科普、推進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)交流等方面作了大量工作。

1955年被選聘為中國(guó)科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Astronomer. Born in Minghou， Fujian province. Grakuated from the Department of Astronommy University of Chicago in 1926. Rcecived Ph.D. in astronomics from Yerkes Observatory in 1929. Research professor， director and honorary director， Purple Mountain Observatory， Chinese Academy of sciences.

Zhang discovered the asteroid， No. 1125， and named as “China”. In more than 30 years， he observed and was in charge of the observation of the precise positions of more than 7000 asteroids and comets and discovered over 80asteroids and 3 new comets which were named as “Tsuchinshan”. In the early 1957， he made original research on the orbits of artificial satellites with the fundamental theories of celestial mechanics. He opened up and led the astronomical research in several fields and obtained a number of important achievements. He conducted a great amount of research on the astronomical history， astronomical instrument design and astronomical popular science and promoted academic exchange and cooperation.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

物理學(xué)家。浙江東陽(yáng)人。1923年畢業(yè)于南京高等師范學(xué)校和東南大學(xué)。1925年獲法國(guó)巴黎大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，1927年獲法國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)博士學(xué)位。1948年當(dāng)選為中央研究院院士。中國(guó)科學(xué)院學(xué)部主席團(tuán)名譽(yù)主席，中國(guó)科技大學(xué)教授、校長(zhǎng)、名譽(yù)校長(zhǎng)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)研究的開創(chuàng)人之一。精確測(cè)定了居里壓電效應(yīng)“反現(xiàn)象”，發(fā)現(xiàn)光雙折射效應(yīng)；系統(tǒng)研究了水晶圓柱體施加扭力起電現(xiàn)象，發(fā)現(xiàn)水晶扭電定律；深入研究了堿金屬蒸氣等光譜，發(fā)現(xiàn)軸向?qū)ΨQ分子有效截面數(shù)值和費(fèi)米—萊因斯伯格方程不符，并為原子物理學(xué)中的斯塔克效應(yīng)等提供了豐富的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明；精確測(cè)定了臭氧紫外吸收系數(shù)，被世界各國(guó)氣象學(xué)家用來(lái)觀測(cè)高空臭氧層的變化達(dá)30年之久；研究壓力對(duì)照相乳膠感光性能的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力能減弱乳膠感光性能。

1955年被選聘為中國(guó)科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Physicist. Born in Dongyang， Zhejiang Province. Graduated from Nanjing College and Southeast University in 1923. Received MS from Paris University， France in 1925 and French national doctor of science in 1927. Elected academician of the Central Academy of Sciences in 1948. Honorary president， Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences， and professor， president and honorary president， University of Science and Technology of China.

Yan is one of the founders of modern physics research in China. He precisely determined the “Adverse Phenomena” of the Curie piezoelectric effedt and discovered the dual –refraction effect of light. He tackled and examined systematically the electrification phenomena of the crystal cylinder under torsion， established the crystal torsion-electricity principle， carried out deepgoing investigation on the spectrum of alkaline metal vapor， etc.. and discolsed the axis-symmetric molecular effective cross-section value different from that of the Fermi-Linesburg Epuation， providing abundant experimental evidences for the Stack effect in atomic physics. He also precisely edtermined the ultra-violet absorbing coefficient of ozone， which was used for over 30years for observing the varation of the ozonosphere depth by meteorologists from all over the world. In his study on the influence of pressure on the light-sensitivity of photoemulsion， he found that pressure turns out tu weaken emulsions sensitivity.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

物理學(xué)家、晶體學(xué)家。浙江湖州人。1928年畢業(yè)于南京東南大學(xué)，1933年清華大學(xué)研究員研究生畢業(yè)。1936年獲英國(guó)曼徹斯特大學(xué)物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位。中國(guó)科學(xué)院物理研究所研究員、代所長(zhǎng)、顧問。主要從事晶體物理學(xué)和X射線晶體學(xué)的研究，是中國(guó)晶體物理學(xué)研究的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)始人之一和X射線晶體學(xué)研究隊(duì)伍的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建人。早年首創(chuàng)的利用晶體點(diǎn)陣常數(shù)測(cè)定相圖中固溶度線的方法，至今仍被廣泛采用。在應(yīng)用X射線多晶粉末法研究晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和合金相圖等方面作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

1955年被選聘為中國(guó)科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Physicist and crystallographer.Born in Huzhou，Zhejiang Province. Graduated from Dongnan University， Nanjing in 1928. Finished postgraduate study in the Graduate School， Tsinghua University in 1933. Received doctor of physics from Manchester University， UK in 1936. Research professor， actingdiredtor and advisor， Institute of Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Lu was mainly engaged in the research on crystal physics and X-ray crystallography. He was one of the primary originators of crystal physics study in China and the chief founder of Chinas research contingent for X-ray crystallography. In his early years， he initiated the method for the determination of solid solubility curves in a phase diagram by using crystal lattice constants， which is still used today. Hh also made important contributions to the study of crystal structures and alloy phase diagrams by applying X-ray multi-crystal powder diffraction techniques.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.