閱讀理解語義轉(zhuǎn)換的方法與解題策略

何美容

分析近幾年的高考真題，我們可以看出，語義轉(zhuǎn)換的方法既有語言知識(shí)層面也有思維能力層面，這也恰恰吻合考試大綱中對(duì)閱讀理解能力的要求：既能理解具體的事實(shí)，也能理解抽象的概念；既能理解字面意思，也能理解根據(jù)字面意思推斷出沒有明確說出的深層含義。

一、語言知識(shí)層面的語義轉(zhuǎn)換

語言知識(shí)層面的語義轉(zhuǎn)換主要有同義詞替換、反向表達(dá)及非對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)替換。

1. 同義詞替換

這種轉(zhuǎn)換相對(duì)簡單，就是直接用同義詞或者近義詞來替代原文中的單詞。解題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題意，快速在文中定位關(guān)鍵信息，然后再根據(jù)原文中的單詞，選擇與原文信息相接近的選項(xiàng)，這樣就可以確定正確答案。

[例1]（2015年全國I卷）Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened（蔓上成熟的） promise， Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless.

26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？

A. They are soft. B. They look nice.

C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.

解析：題目問紐約冬天的西紅柿看起來怎么樣。原文的信息點(diǎn)是attractive（有吸引力的），與選項(xiàng)B的nice（美好的）是近義詞，因而B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

[例2]（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

8. What can people do at the apple events？

A. Attend expertslectures.

B. Visit fruit-loving families.

C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard.

D. Taste many kinds of apples.

解析：題目問人們?cè)谔O果節(jié)上能做些什么。在文中迅速定位信息點(diǎn)Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples（蘋果節(jié)是一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)，人們可以去欣賞、品嘗各種各類的蘋果），D選項(xiàng)中的many kinds of 與原文的a wide variety是同義詞，taste又是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，所以正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。

2. 反向表達(dá)

相比同意替換，反向表達(dá)更考驗(yàn)學(xué)生是否細(xì)心。選項(xiàng)的反向表達(dá)有兩種情況：

一種是用否定的形式來表述文中用肯定方式表述的內(nèi)容；另一種是肯定的形式來表達(dá)文中用否定方式表述的內(nèi)容。對(duì)這種題目，考生要尤其謹(jǐn)慎，以防一不小心漏掉了一個(gè)not，把意思理解反了，落入陷阱。

[例3]（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”.

24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？

A. Exciting. B. Boring. C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.

解析：本題問作者對(duì)紐約冬季生活的看法。從原文的信息點(diǎn)The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，我們可以得知，這個(gè)冬季紐約并不是一個(gè)好玩的地方，所以正確答案為B選項(xiàng) Boring（無聊的）。原文中的謂語動(dòng)詞用了否定形式hasnt been，如果考生忽略了這個(gè)否定，就很有可能誤選fun 的同義詞A. Exciting（令人興奮的）。

3. 非對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)替換

有的時(shí)候這種同義的替換并不是同義詞或者反義詞這樣詞性對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是變換了詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成了其他的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能兩者在詞性以及在句子中的功能都不盡相同。解題時(shí)，在找到原文中的詞語之后，考生要利用自己已有的語言知識(shí)以及文中的有效信息去判斷該詞的準(zhǔn)確含義。

[例4]（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）Riverbend Music Theater： 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover（price difference）. Big name shows all summer long！ Phone： 232-6220. http：//www.riverbendmusic.com.endprint

4. How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places？

A. It has seats in the open air.

B. It gives shows all year round.

C. It offers membership discounts.

D. It presents famous musical works.

解析：題目問Riverbend 音樂大劇院與其他地方的不同之處，在文中可以找到關(guān)鍵信息outdoor（戶外的），戶外的劇院也就是座位都是露天的，因此正確答案選A. It has seats in the open air. （它有露天的座位）。該題的正確選項(xiàng)就是用一句話解釋替換了原文的一個(gè)單詞。

[例5]（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

9. What can we learn about Decio？

A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.

C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.

解析：對(duì)Decio這一蘋果樹種的描述，原文用的是名詞an eye opener（大開眼界事物），而選項(xiàng)中轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語 is rarely seen（很少見到）。

二、思維能力層面的語義轉(zhuǎn)換

語義轉(zhuǎn)換并不僅僅停留在表面的語言知識(shí)層面，它還涉及深層次的思維理解能力。可以說，語義轉(zhuǎn)換考查的并不是單一的語言知識(shí)水平，而是需要抽象概括、歸納提練等多種思維能力。

1. 簡要概括

閱讀理解設(shè)置選項(xiàng)的一個(gè)原則就是盡量使用簡練的語言和較少的詞語，因此選項(xiàng)具有較強(qiáng)的概括性，對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了簡要概括。如果原文內(nèi)容比較長，信息點(diǎn)比較多，則會(huì)在選項(xiàng)中概述成比較簡短精煉的表達(dá)。解題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)首先找出原文所涉及的重要信息，用自己的語言去提煉、歸納文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再比對(duì)選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納的信息很接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。

[例6]（2014年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）According to US government reports， emissions（排放）from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with， the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of“green thinking”has become part of practices.

27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection？

A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.

B. They have settled their environmental problems.

C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

解析：題目是問美國人在環(huán)境保護(hù)方面所取得的成就。考生可以在文中找到依據(jù)：According to US government reports， emissions （排放） from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.（根據(jù)美國政府報(bào)告，汽車和卡車的排放已經(jīng)從每年1003萬噸下降到550萬噸，生產(chǎn)CO超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的城市數(shù)量從40減少到9）。文中的信息有兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，而且信息詳細(xì)具體，概括起來，就是美國人減少了環(huán)境污染，選項(xiàng)D意思最為接近，因此為正確答案。

2. 抽象概念

閱讀理解是培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)的語言活動(dòng)，其中抽象思維就是高考考查的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。抽象的語義轉(zhuǎn)換要求學(xué)生不僅要理解具體的事實(shí)，也要理解抽象的概念。

[例7]（2016年全國I卷）When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator（參議員） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.endprint

22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

解析：原文中she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman（她不能在律所找到工作因?yàn)樗且幻裕尸F(xiàn)的是具體的信息，在選項(xiàng)中轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象的概念The discrimination against women（對(duì)女性的歧視）。

3. 深層含義

深層含義指命題人挖掘某一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子隱含的意義，也就是要求考生讀懂其言外之意。所以，解答這類題目，考生不能只看該句的字面意思，而應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地思考，透徹理解這個(gè)短語或句子所在的上下文語境， 準(zhǔn)確地理解它的隱含意義、真實(shí)意義。

[例8]（2015年新全國Ⅱ卷）Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one， total intake （攝入） jumps by 14 percent. And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short， wide glass than a tall， skinny glass.

27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes？

A. Eat quickly. B. Play fast music.

C. Use smaller spoons. D. Turn down the lights.

解析：命題人設(shè)計(jì)此題的目的是考查When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one， total intake（攝入）jumps by 14 percent 這句話的深層含義。若要理解這句話的深層含義，就必須理解整篇文章以及該段的含義。文章說明了幾種對(duì)身材有影響的因素，該段說的是要縮小餐具的尺寸。這句話的意思是說，當(dāng)我們選擇大的而不是小的湯匙時(shí)，總體的食物攝入量會(huì)增加14%，因此不難推斷出這句話的深層含義是要建議人們使用較小的湯匙來保持身材。因此答案為C項(xiàng)。

語義轉(zhuǎn)換增加了閱讀理解的靈活性和挑戰(zhàn)性，能更好地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言綜合運(yùn)用能力和思維能力，因此在教學(xué)過程中，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生充分認(rèn)識(shí)高考閱讀理解的命題規(guī)律、選項(xiàng)設(shè)置語義轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧，以幫助學(xué)生突破閱讀理解的瓶頸，提高閱讀能力。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青endprint