基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝處理晚期垃圾滲濾液的研究進展

杜 俊，許靜怡

(同濟大學 環境科學與工程學院，上海 200092)

基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝處理晚期垃圾滲濾液的研究進展

杜 俊*，許靜怡

(同濟大學 環境科學與工程學院，上海 200092)

較之傳統的硝化反硝化工藝，ANAMMOX(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation)工藝憑借其高效脫氮、低能耗、產泥少等優點近年來在晚期垃圾滲濾液處理領域得到關注。本文分別從基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝、晚期垃圾滲濾液中對該復合工藝的影響因素、脫氮菌群結構三個方面對該復合工藝處理晚期垃圾滲濾液進行可行性分析，指出其亟待解決的幾大難點，并對其發展前景進行展望。

ANAMMOX；晚期垃圾滲濾液；微生物群落結構

垃圾滲濾液根據填埋場齡的不同，可分為早期(小于5年)，中期(5～10年)和晚期(大于10年)垃圾滲濾液。場齡越長，滲濾液的pH越低，可生化性越差，氨氮含量越高，C/N比越低。晚期滲濾液的pH已接近中性(7～8)，重金屬離子的濃度也大大降低[3]。

1 基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝

1.1 PN+ANAMMOX復合工藝

1.2 SHARON+ANAMMOX復合工藝

1.3 SNAD工藝

SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification)工藝能夠在單個處理器內同時進行部分硝化、厭氧氨氧化和反硝化反應脫氮，但控制條件較為苛刻，對于操作者的要求較高。近年來的一些研究[14-16]對實際垃圾滲濾液廠處理裝置中的菌落進行分子生物學分析，在氮轉化過程中主要是ANAMMOX菌、氨氧化古生菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea，AOA)三類菌在發揮作用，存在SNAD反應。

1.4 其他基于ANAMMOX的工藝

研究者們為了改善晚期垃圾滲濾液最終的出水水質，在ANAMMOX復合工藝這類生化處理之外，通常會在生化處理前加上混凝、吸附、過濾等物化預處理環節，同時在生化處理后增加高級氧化、MBR、超濾、納濾這類深度處理環節。

Anfruns等人[18]將高級氧化處理單元作為深度處理環節來進一步降低出水中的難降解有機物含量；Suneethi等人[19]將ANAMMOX復合工藝處理后的出水通過MBR裝置過濾，來進一步除去廢水中的有機物；Liang等人[20]在ANAMMOX復合工藝單元后，增加了兩個土壤滲濾單元來繼續降低出水中的總氮和COD含量。德國某座垃圾滲濾液處理廠已應用活性污泥+ANAMMOX+超濾聯合工藝超過12年，較之傳統活性污泥法，該聯合工藝可減少87.5%的能耗、91%的甲醇用量和96%的剩余污泥產生，總氮去除率達到94%[21]。

2 影響因素

2.2 COD

2.3 亞硝態氮累積速率NLR

在處理對象為晚期垃圾滲濾液的ANAMMOX復合工藝中，ANAMMOX段的NLR大多在0.17 ～ 0.96 kg N/(m3d) 。在Li等人[29]的研究中，若要使工藝長期穩定運行(總氮去除率達到85%)，NLR需小于1 kg N/(m3d)。而Phan等人[30]利用IC反應器培養ANAMMOX菌來處理晚期垃圾滲濾液，Candidatus Kueneniastuttgartiensis豐度達到37.45%，可在NLR高達10.0 ± 0.04 kg N/(m3d) 時穩定運行。

2.4 鹽度

高鹽度，是晚期垃圾滲濾液的一項重要特性。鹽度過高，會導致菌體細胞膜失水，酶類活性也會受到抑制，因此鹽度也是影響ANAMMOX復合工藝處理效果的重要因素[31-32]。

Azari等人[21]在實際運行的垃圾滲濾液ANAMMOX復合工藝中首次發現了嗜鹽ANAMMOX菌種Ca. Scalindua，它的最適生長溫度為10 ～ 25 ℃，最適pH值是6 ～ 8，可以適應1.5 ～ 4 mmol的高鹽度條件，該嗜鹽菌能更好地適應晚期垃圾滲濾液，有利于減小ANAMMOX工藝在該領域的應用限制。Scaglione等人[33]發現鹽度所導致的電導率差異，是真正影響ANAMMOX反應的主要因素， ANAMMOX菌IC50閾值(50% inhibitory concentration)在文獻所用的實際垃圾消解液電導率為6.1 mS/cm時達到。

晚期垃圾滲濾液中不同污染物混合共存，磷酸鹽、重金屬離子、硫酸鹽、硫化物等對該復合工藝的處理效果的影響不同，但目前在這些方面的研究還不系統，如脫氮性能最佳的ANAMMOX顆粒污泥Fe元素含量最高；1 mmol重金屬離子Hg2+會使ANAMMOX菌完全失活，但此類重金屬離子的文獻報告仍不多見；一些有機物如甲醇、乙醇、抗生素等均被發現會對ANAMMOX菌產生抑制，但各個研究得到的閾值相差較大，對抑制機理研究尚不完備[22，30]。

3 復合工藝中的脫氮菌群結構

基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝中參與脫氮過程的主要菌種有：厭氧氨氧化菌(ANAMMOX bacteria)、氨氧化菌(AOB)、氨氧化古生菌(AOA)、亞硝酸鹽氧化菌(NOB)和反硝化菌(denitrifying bacteria，Den)(主要是異養反硝化菌HDen)[16，34]。其中，ANAMMOX菌、AOB、NOB、AOA均是好氧型的化能自養菌，Den多為異養、厭氧型細菌。

3.1 菌群脫氮反應機理

圖1 菌群脫氮的反應機理圖Fig.1 Reaction mechanism of denitrifying bacteria

(AOB: 氨氧化菌；AOA：氨氧化古生菌；NOB：亞硝酸鹽氧化菌；ANX：厭氧氨氧化菌；Den：反硝化菌)

(AOB：Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria; AOA: Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea; NOB: Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria; ANX: Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria；Den：Denitrifying Bacteria)

3.2 菌群結構研究

4 結語與展望

隨著垃圾滲濾液處理的形勢愈加嚴峻，基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝將得到更多的研究和應用。為了探究工藝可行性，國內外研究者采用不同的反應裝置、探究了不同的反應條件的影響、并嘗試分析各類垃圾滲濾液中的組分該工藝的影響，多年的研究已取得了一定進展，但仍有很多難點需要解決，如(1)如何縮短該復合工藝的啟動時間；(2)晚期垃圾滲濾液中的微量重金屬離子對于ANAMMOX菌的作用機理； (3)ANAMMOX菌在長期運行條件下的性能演變及耐受性；(4)如何使ANAMMOX菌適應來源不同的晚期垃圾滲濾液等。未來更多的深入研究必將推動這一新興工藝進一步發展和成熟。

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(本文文獻格式：杜俊，許靜怡.基于ANAMMOX的復合工藝處理晚期垃圾滲濾液的研究進展[J].山東化工，2017，46(20)：42-45.)

ANAMMOX-basedCompositeProcessforMatureLandfillLeachateTreatment:AReview

DuJun*,XuJingyi

(College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Compared to conventional nitrification-denitrification,cation process, ANAMMOX(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) process has attracted much attention in the field of mature landfill leachate treatment for its high nitrogen removal efficiency, lower operational costs and less sludge production. This paper presents an overview of the recent progress in ANAMMOX-based composite process treating mature landfill leachate, the main factors affecting the combined technology and nitrogen-converting microbial community structure. The challenges and future development are also proposed.

ANAMMOX; mature landfill leachate; nitrogen-converting microbial community structure

2017-08-16

國家重點研發計劃(2017YFC0403400)

杜 俊(1993—)，安徽馬鞍山人，同濟大學環境科學與工程學院在讀碩士研究生，主要研究方向為水污染控制理論與技術。

X703

A

1008-021X(2017)20-0042-04