判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的五條依據(jù)

袁瀟霞

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是語(yǔ)法填空和短語(yǔ)改錯(cuò)的必考點(diǎn)，也是考生學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。時(shí)態(tài)之所以重要，是因?yàn)橛芯渥拥牡胤骄陀兄^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，凡謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必涉及時(shí)態(tài)，即每句必有時(shí)態(tài)，正所謂“與‘時(shí)‘句進(jìn)”。時(shí)態(tài)本身是千變?nèi)f化的，可謂一“時(shí)”激起千層浪。因此，在平時(shí)閱讀時(shí)要特別留意理解。本文給考生介紹五種判斷用哪種時(shí)態(tài)的方法。

一、根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用的有always， usually， often， sometimes， every day， once a week等；常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的有l(wèi)ast month， a few days ago， last week，yesterday， just now， the other day， in 1978， then等；常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用的有tomorrow， next week， in a few days， in the future， soon等；常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的有up to now， until now， in the past / last few years， so far， for three years， since 1980等。請(qǐng)做以下改錯(cuò)題：

1. Last month， Emma Stone is announced as the 2017 Oscar Winner for Actress at the 89th Academy Awards.

[解析]由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Last month可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故將is改為was。

2. Today it was much easier to be healthy than it was in the past.

[解析]由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Today可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故改much 前的was為is。

3. Im very pleased to say that all of us improved our spoken English so far.

[解析]由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far（到目前為止）可知賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故在improved前加一個(gè)have。

4. This big event would be held in the school auditorium next week.

[解析]由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)next week可知該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，故把would改為will。

二、根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)

如出現(xiàn)狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等，要特別注意主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。在以when， till/ until， as soon as， by the time， after， before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，在以if， unless， once等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句和以no matter， however， even if 等詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句中的動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)完成時(shí)。請(qǐng)做以下改錯(cuò)題：

1. I will call you as soon as they will arrive.

[解析]主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故把第二個(gè)will去掉。

2. If I have taken your advice， I would have passed the driving test.

[解析]If 從句是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，應(yīng)當(dāng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，故把have改為had。

3. What a pity！ The film started by the time we got to the cinema.

[解析]根據(jù)題意可知電影的開始是在我到達(dá)電影院之前就開始了，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，start應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，故在started前加had。

4. Last month， I thought that it will be hard to spend a whole week staying away from school and home.

[解析]由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last month和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞thought可知that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)，所以把will改為would。

注意：從句里講述的是不受時(shí)間限制的事實(shí)或普遍真理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：

I learned that the earth went around the sun when I was a little boy.

[解析]因地球繞著太陽(yáng)跑是客觀事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故went改為goes。

三、根據(jù)并列一致

并列連詞and， or， but， so， not...but， not only...but also等是改錯(cuò)題中很重要的標(biāo)志詞，這些詞前后的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是一致的。請(qǐng)做以下改錯(cuò)題：

1. We can lie on the grass for a rest， or sat by the lake listening to music.

[解析]因?yàn)閛r前后的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是一致的，or前面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞lie用的是原形（因前有can），故與之并列的sat應(yīng)改為sit。

2. At present， not only do they affect their own study， but also they did harm to others.

[解析]not only...but also引導(dǎo)的并列句前后的時(shí)態(tài)要一致，由At present（目前，現(xiàn)在）可知，都應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故把did改為do。endprint

3. I was a school student then from a low-income family， so I have to work to support my family.

[解析]so前后兩句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該保持一致，由then可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故把have改為had。

4. Last year there was a piano competition for teenagers in my city and I take part in it.

[解析]and的前后句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該保持一致，由last year可知，把take改為took。

四、根據(jù)固定句式

涉及時(shí)態(tài)的幾個(gè)常見句型：

（1）Its（high / about）time（that）sb. did sth./should do sth 到了該做某事的時(shí)候了。（注意should不可省略）

（2）It / This is / was the first / second ... time that sb. have /has / had done sth這是某人第幾次做某事。

（3）It is / has been + some time + since sb. did sth 自從 / 某人做了某事以來(lái)，已有多久了。

（4）It will be / was + some time + before sb. do / does /did... 過(guò)多久某人才做某事。

（5）It was not long before sb. did sth. 不久以后，某人就做某事了。

（6）Hardly had ... done sth when ... /No sooner had ... done sth than ... 一做某事就……

（7）was / were doing sth when ... did sth正在做某事時(shí)，突然又發(fā)生另一事。

請(qǐng)做以下改錯(cuò)題：

1. Its high time that we settle down and started a new life.

[解析]在表示“到了該做某事的時(shí)候了”這一句型中，that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或should加動(dòng)詞原形，又由and后的started可知，應(yīng)把settle改為settled。

2. It is the third time that he made the same mistake.

[解析]在表示“某人第幾次做某事”這一固定句型中，that從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，故在made前加has。

3. It had been 4 years since we met last time.

[解析]根據(jù)It is / has been + some time + since sb. did sth句型可知，應(yīng)把had改為has。指自上次見面以來(lái)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有四年了。

4. It would be 4 years before we meet again.

[解析]表示“過(guò)四年后我們才能見面”，應(yīng)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，把would改為will。

五、根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷

從語(yǔ)篇和上下文整體把握時(shí)態(tài)。主要是看是否與上下文的時(shí)態(tài)一致，這是短文改錯(cuò)和語(yǔ)法填空考查的重點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)做以下語(yǔ)法填空題：

The TV series Life After Life， Blooms Over Blooms（三生三世，十里桃花）1._________ （become）a hit since it was shown on TV. Yang Mi not only won great fame but also 2. _________ （get）an extraordinary wealth.

It is reported that Liu Yifei co-stars Yang Yang in the film version， which 3.___________（release）in the summer holiday this year.

[答案]1.has become 2.got 3.will be released

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青endprint