色彩輝映下的時代審美

文/五花肉

色彩輝映下的時代審美

文/五花肉

Aesthetic Standards on Colors in Different Times

在茶具發(fā)展的歷史進(jìn)程中，紫砂和瓷始終是最耀眼的雙子星。與脫胎紅泥的紫砂相比，溫婉如玉的瓷器，跟時代的發(fā)展軌跡更加契合，伴隨著茶藝的不同階段，走出了一條色彩斑斕的進(jìn)階之路。

Purple clay and porcelain have been the two most significant representatives in the development history of tea utensils. Compared with the purple clay remolding from the red clay, porcelain demonstrates the jade-like gentility and fits more closely with the development track of time. Porcelain has pursued a gorgeous way to advance over different stages in the development of tea art.

青與綠的美感——唐代越瓷

The Beauty in the Turquoise and Green—Yue Porcelain in Tang Dynasty

煮茶和煎茶的盛行，帶動了唐代越瓷的發(fā)展，形成了完善的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。在形制上，越瓷講究“紋為衣，型為骨”，茶托、茶盞以荷花、蓮花為主型，飾紋多見蓮蓬、萱草；在釉彩上，以艾青色為佳，要求秘色青瓷搭配綠色茶湯，形成了“捩翠融青”的獨特審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

The prevailing of boiling tea and fried tea pushes the development of Yue porcelain in Tang Dynasty. Thus, Yue porcelain has formed the completed technological standard system. In terms of shape, it adopts the theory of "regarding the shape as the bones while the decoration as clothes". Mainly, the saucer and tea cup is made in the shape of lotus and water lily while its decoration is painted lotus seedpod and daylily. In terms of glaze, the color of turquoise is highly recommended. The turquoise-glazed tea ware filling with green tea soup demonstrates the aesthetic standards at that time.

黑與白的交融——宋代黑瓷

The Mingle of Black and White—Black Porcelain in Song Dynasty

到了宋代，主流的茶藝變成了斗茶。因為時人更加偏愛白色的茶湯，選擇茶具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也相應(yīng)地從尚青演化為尚黑，尤以建州“黑瓷”為上品。

In Song Dynasty, tea-fight becomes the mainstream tea art. People in Song Dynasty prefer white tea soup, so they prefer to choose black-glazed tea ware instead of turquoise ones. The black porcelain made in Jianzhou is regarded as the top-grade ones.

以實用高雅的功能之美和渾然天成的釉色之美聞名的建州黑瓷，在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上要求更加精細(xì)。造型追求古樸自然，口部的直線與側(cè)壁的曲線，要對比營造出舒展而挺拔的流暢線條，與宋代推崇的含蓄內(nèi)斂和簡潔典雅暗中契合。再配合獨特的釉料配比、燒制時間、溫度控制等工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最終造就了黑瓷“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕飾”的獨特藝術(shù)魅力。

Jianzhou black porcelain, famous for its exquisite function and nature-like glaze, has fine requirements in product quality. It strives for simplicity and nature in shape. The straight line in the top edge and the curve in the side should form natural and smooth line to conform with the reserved, simple and elegant features which are highly recommended in Song Dynasty. Additionally, the unique technological standards such as glaze composition, firing time andtemperature control together with features mentioned above, create the uniqueness of simple and natural artistic charm of black porcelain.

白與綠的和諧——元明白瓷

The Harmony in White and Green—White Porcelain in Yuan and Ming Dynasty

元明之際，更加方便直接沖泡的散茶開始成為主流，更能襯托綠色茶湯的白瓷逐漸成為茶具舞臺的主角，并沿用至今。

In Yuan and Ming Dynasty, the loose tea, which is easier to use, wins the dominant status. White porcelain can better set the green tea soup off and it thus gradually wins the leading position in the field of tea ware until today.

作為當(dāng)時最具聲望的茶具代表，景德鎮(zhèn)樞府白瓷和德化白瓷雖然同屬白瓷，釉彩工藝卻截然不同。前者采用“堿鈣釉”工藝，氧化鈣含量較高；后者則采用“鉀鈣釉”工藝，氧化鉀含量較高。不同的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也造就了各自的獨特美感，樞府白瓷溫潤而不透明，釉色類似鴨蛋殼，形成獨特的“卵白色”；德化白瓷晶瑩如玉，釉面滋潤似脂，以“豬油白”著稱。兩“白”交相輝映，同樣蜚聲海內(nèi)外。

As the most prestigious representatives in tea ware, Shufu white porcelain and Dehua white porcelain in Jindezhen differ in glazing method although both of them are white porcelain. The former adopts the method of "alkali calcium glaze" and has high composition of calcium oxide while the latter adopts the method of "potassium calcium glaze" and has high composition of potassiumoxide. Different technological standards result in different special aesthetic feelings. Shufu white porcelain, gentle and nontransparent, has the unique egg-like white glaze color which is similar to the color of duck egg shell. The jade-like Dehua white porcelain is famous for its milk white color. These two kinds of white porcelain enhance each other's beauty and win excellent reputation at home and abroad.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

瓷和茶，猶如攜手并進(jìn)的一對知音，吸收香茗之精華，蘊含文人之靈氣，在歷史變遷的文化長河中，逐漸成為華夏民族精神文化的重要象征。

Porcelain and tea are just like a couple of bosom friends advancing and developing together, they absorb the essence of tea and embrace the spirit of literati. Along with the historic development, porcelain and tea gradually become the important symbols of Chinese spiritual culture.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）