鄂爾多斯蓑羽鶴遷徙線路初探

郭玉民 何芬奇

(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)自然保護(hù)區(qū)學(xué)院，北京，100083；2.中國科學(xué)院動物研究所，北京，100101)

鄂爾多斯蓑羽鶴遷徙線路初探

郭玉民1何芬奇2

(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)自然保護(hù)區(qū)學(xué)院，北京，100083；2.中國科學(xué)院動物研究所，北京，100101)

稿件運(yùn)行過程

2310-1490(2017)01-141-03

內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)鄂爾多斯、烏梁素海和寧夏自治區(qū)是蓑羽鶴(Anthropoidesvirgo)在中國的主要繁殖地之一[1-2]，在Paul Johnsgard所著之《世界鶴類》(1983)一書中，認(rèn)為在鄂爾多斯地區(qū)繁殖的蓑羽鶴群體獨(dú)立越冬于緬甸中東北部、中國云南西部瀾滄江以西的臨滄地區(qū)[3]。

由于鄂爾多斯高原上的遺鷗(Larusrelictus)重要繁殖地桃力廟-阿拉善灣海子(簡稱桃-阿海子，為全球No.1148國際重要濕地)自21世紀(jì)初以來逐漸干涸，堿蓬(Suaedaglauca)群落大面積發(fā)育，使得該地近年來成為蓑羽鶴的繁殖地和夏候鳥群的棲居地[4-5]。2015年7月間，我們在桃-阿海子(E 109°19′，N 39°48′)及周邊地帶先后捕捉到5只成體蓑羽鶴，對其進(jìn)行環(huán)志并佩戴中國湖南研制的HQBP3622型GPS-GSM跟蹤器后安全放飛。

在佩戴GPS-GSM跟蹤器的5只成體蓑羽鶴中，1只個(gè)體(編號為DC01)據(jù)判于9月18日死亡，其尸體隨后在鄂爾多斯西部鄂托克旗的木凱淖爾鎮(zhèn)小湖村(E 108°42′，N 39°10′)附近沙地中被找到，該地點(diǎn)為桃-阿海子以西偏南方向約120 km。尸檢結(jié)果表明該個(gè)體曾遭受猛禽攻擊。

其余4只個(gè)體(編號分別為DC02，DC03，DC04和DC05)于2015年9月22日至10月5日間先后西遷，飛出鄂爾多斯后均首取寧夏中衛(wèi)市城西的黃河河道(E 104°55′，N 37°23′)夜棲一晚，隨后越甘肅入青海，在烏蘭縣境內(nèi)茶卡鹽湖(E 99°01′，N 36°44′)夜棲1～2晚，然后直飛西藏安多縣。編號DC05的蓑羽鶴個(gè)體在西藏安多西北約70 km處信號消失，此后再無信息傳回。

不斷發(fā)送訊號的那3只蓑羽鶴分別于10月4日(DC02)、9日(DC03)和9月30日(DC04)飛抵西藏喜馬拉雅山北麓的仲巴縣(E 84°03′，N 29°36′)，夜棲于海拔4 500～5 100 m處，并分別于次日飛越喜馬拉雅直抵印度恒河(Ganges River)上游，夜棲于海拔約100 m的恒河河道附近(E 78°48′，N 26°49′)。10月3 ～14日，此3只蓑羽鶴先后抵達(dá)印度西部拉賈斯坦邦(Rajasthan)(E 73°18′，N 25°54′)。至此，歷時(shí)10～13 d，完成其行程約4 650 km的秋季遷徙歷程。

上述3只蓑羽鶴個(gè)體春季遷飛的啟動時(shí)間以其編號順序依次為2016年3月17日，4月5日和3月25日。它們并未沿秋季遷徙路線返回，而是首先向西北方向取巴基斯坦，跨印度河(Indus River)河谷后入阿富汗，飛越興都庫什山脈(Hindu Kush)，在烏茲別克斯坦的艾達(dá)爾[庫爾]湖(Aydar Kol Lake)附近(E 67°01′，N 41°02′)作9 d、13 d和3 d的停歇。此后，DC02和DC03個(gè)體進(jìn)入哈薩克斯坦南部，沿哈薩克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦邊界地區(qū)的天山山脈北麓向東遷飛，分別于4月10和23日溯伊犁河河谷而由哈薩克斯坦進(jìn)入中國新疆，繼而沿天山北麓一路東飛，入內(nèi)蒙古境內(nèi)后穿越巴丹吉林沙漠和烏蘭布和沙漠，于4月21日和30日相繼返回鄂爾多斯的桃-阿海子。個(gè)體DC04則滯留在哈薩克斯坦中南部，游蕩至5月15日，后朝東北方向遷飛，于5月19日取道中國新疆哈納斯保護(hù)區(qū)進(jìn)入蒙古國，最后于5月20日抵達(dá)蒙古國巴彥洪戈?duì)?Bayankhongor)省開始其夏季居留。此3只個(gè)體之春季遷徙分別歷經(jīng)36、26和57 d，行程約6 590～6 670 km。

繁殖于東亞和中亞地區(qū)的大部分蓑羽鶴個(gè)體越冬于印度西部的古吉拉特邦(Gujarat)和拉賈斯坦邦等地已多有報(bào)道[6-7]。查閱《云南鳥類志》[8]，及至20世紀(jì)90年代中期相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，云南并無蓑羽鶴分布記錄，直至21世紀(jì)初，始有報(bào)道稱蓑羽鶴見于云南東北部[9]，但作者卻未能查找到Johnsgard《世界鶴類》一書中提出鄂爾多斯及周邊地帶的蓑羽鶴群體獨(dú)立越冬于滇緬交界地帶這一說法的依據(jù)及出處。

根據(jù)所跟蹤的鄂爾多斯蓑羽鶴群體中3只個(gè)體(編號分別為DC02，DC03和DC04)發(fā)送回的數(shù)據(jù)，表明其遷徙路線并不涉及滇緬地區(qū)，且其秋-春的遷徙線路全然不同，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)近乎環(huán)狀的遷飛模式(圖1)。而這確為以往所不知。無論如何，對鄂爾多斯蓑羽鶴進(jìn)行衛(wèi)星跟蹤的研究剛剛開始，今后有望提供更多數(shù)據(jù)信息。而東北亞地區(qū)之蓑羽鶴其他群體的遷徙是否也會循環(huán)形路線進(jìn)行，有待進(jìn)一步揭示。

致謝：本研究得到國家林業(yè)局野生動植物保護(hù)和自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理司以及內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯遺鷗國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)大力支持，在此一并致謝！

For quite a time，it is well known that some demoiselle cranes，Anthropoidesvirgo，found nesting on the Ordos upland and its northern skirt of W Inner Mongolia and western skirt of Ningxia[1-2]，while，in Paul Johnsgard’s work，Cranes of the World，this regional flock or subpopulation of the crane is described wintering，separately and independently，in an area on both sides of the Salween River in central NE Myanmar and extending into far W Yunnan of SW China[3].

Since the beginning of this century，the T-A Nur，No.1148 Ramsar Site as it used to be the most significant breeding site of the relict gull(Larusrelictus)，almost entirely dried out，and，withSuaedacommunity developed，more Demoiselle cranes appeared in the locality and some of them nested there[4-5].In July 2015，five adult cranes were captured，being banded and fixed with GPS-GSM transmitter(Type HQBP3622，developed in Hunan of S China)，then released.

Amongst those GPS-GSM equiped cranes，one individual(No.DC01)died on September 18 and the body was later on found in a place in central west Orods，some 120 km southwestwards the T-A Nur，and，it seemed that that bird once was attacked by the birds of prey.

All the other four cranes(No.DC02，DC03，DC04，and DC05)started leaving the Ordos upland during a period from September 22 to October 5，and they all choosing Zhongwei of S Ningxia as their first stop for night spending，flying over Gansu on the next day to get into Qinghai，the NE part of the Tibetan Plateau，and spending one night or two nights at Chaka lake shore in Wulan，then，flying directly to Anduo of central N Tibet，where the No.DC05 individual lost，no longer of any signals transmitted,or,received.

The(left)three cranes(No.DC02，DC03，DC04)，on October 4，9 and September 30 respectively，got arrived at Zhongba，a locality right by the hill foot of the north slope of Himalaya，roosting at 4 500-5 100 m，and flying over Himalaya on the next day getting to the upper branch of Ganges river in India，then，on October 8-13，getting arrived at their wintering place in Gujarat of W India.So，roughly，it took some 10-13 days，different in individuals，for those cranes migrating some 4 650 km from their breeding and summering habitat to their wintering ground.

The above mentioned three GPS-GSM equiped cranes(No.DC02，DC03，DC04)started their spring migration on March 17，April 5，and March 25，respectively，choosing an absolutely different route than the way they taking in autumn.First，they flew northwestwards into Pakistan，over the Indus river to get into Afghanistan，acrossing the Hindu Kush Mountains and roosting in the surroundings of the Aydar Kol Lake in Uzbekistan for 9，13，and 3 days respectively.Then，two cranes(No.DC02，DC03)got into southern Kazakhstan，flying eastwards along the north slope of Tianshan Mountains，the border of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan，and，on April 10 and 23 respectively，they flying along the Ili valley to get into Xinjiang of NW China and further eastwards into W Inner Mongolia，over two deserts，Badain Jaran and Ulan Buh，finally got back to T-A Nur in Ordos.Whilst，the third crane(No.DC04)stayed in central S Kazakhstan till May 15，took off again towards northeast direction，over the Hanas NR in N Xijiang on May 19，and at last chose Bayankhongor in Mongolia(PRM)for summer spending.It took 36，26，and 57 days for these three cranes to end their spring migration respectively，with 6 590-6 670 km long，

When checking The Avifauna of Yunnan China(Vol.I，Non-Passeriformes)，it sounds that，until mid-1990s，there had been no record of the demoiselle crane reported in Yunnan[6].While，in the beginning of this century，records of the Demoiselle Crane appeared in far NE Yunnan[7].

Data presented by those three individuals from the demoiselle crane Ordos flock have shown that they choosing quite different route for their migration in spring than in autumn，and the two routes made it somewhat a cycle，and therefore we wonder if other demoiselle cranes，both breeders and non-breeders，inhabiting in Far East Asia would prefer choosing the same route or not.Anyway，this is the beginning of our work，more will be revealed along with the time going.

[1] 鄭作新.中國鳥類分布名錄[M].第2版.北京：科學(xué)出版社，1976：167.

[2] 鄭作新.中國鳥類區(qū)系綱要[M].北京：科學(xué)出版社，1987：179-180.

[3] Johnsgard P A.Cranes of the world [M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press，1983：95-102，246-257.

[4] 任永奇，蘇雅拉，何芬奇.蓑羽鶴在鄂爾多斯桃-阿海子的繁殖記錄[J].動物學(xué)雜志，2013，48(4)：641.

[5] 何芬奇，任永奇，郭玉民.內(nèi)蒙古桃-阿海子的生境演替與水鳥群落的興衰[J].濕地科學(xué)與管理，2015，11(2)：54-58.

[6] Jain P，Jeenagar B，Rajpurohit S N.Conservation and management of demoiselle craneAnthropoidesvirgo，at Kheechan in Rajasthan[M] // Sharma B K,Kulshreshtha S,Rahmani A R.Faunal heritage of Rajasthan，India.Springer International Publishing，2013：245-259.

[7] Kanai Y，Minton J，Nagendran M，et al.Migration of demoiselle cranes in Asia based on satellite tracking and fieldwork[J].Global Environmental Research，2000，4(2)：143-153.

[8] 楊嵐.云南鳥類志：上卷·非雀形目[M].昆明：云南科技出版社，1995：324-330.

[9] 鄭光美.中國鳥類分布與分類名錄[M].北京：科學(xué)出版社，2005：65-66.

Preliminary Results of Satellite Trackingon Ordos Demoiselle Cranes

Guo Yumin1He Fenqi2

(1.College of Nature Conservation，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing，100083，China；2.Institute of Zoology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing，100101，China)

圖1 蓑羽鶴環(huán)形遷徙路線示意圖Fig.1 Sketch map showing the route the Ordos demoiselle crane choosing for migration

國家自然基金資助項(xiàng)目(31570532)

郭玉民，男，53歲，博士，副教授；主要從事鳥類生態(tài)研究。E-mail：bird68@126.com

2016-11-13

Q958.1

A

修回日期：2016-12-05

發(fā)表日期：2017-02-10