網絡游戲：風靡校園防沉迷

丁山

作為一項新興的文化產業，網絡游戲產業在國內尚屬起步階段，里面蘊藏著巨大的潛力。日前，被譽為“互聯網女皇”的美國凱鵬華盈（KPCB）合伙人瑪麗·米克，在《2017年互聯網趨勢》報告中指出，2016年全球互動游戲增長迅猛，在網絡游戲方面，中國已超過美國，成為全球第一大游戲市場。另據國外數據機構統計，中國生產的《王者榮耀》已是全球下載量最大的游戲，注冊用戶已破2億。如此“熱鬧”的網絡游戲產業，其背后究竟隱匿著怎樣的真相，潛藏著怎樣的危機？監管者應怎樣加強行業管理，遏制弊端？

監管失控，中小學竟成重災區

據報道，2017年6月中旬的一天，杭州13歲男孩毛毛因手機被其父親沒收，玩不了《王者榮耀》的游戲，竟從四樓窗口跳了下去。家人趕緊把毛毛送進醫院，但令其父母沒有想到的是，這孩子從昏迷中剛醒來，竟然還掛念著游戲，立即向父親索要手機，試圖登錄賬號，并要錢買新的裝備。“我太心痛太生氣，不知道拿他怎么辦，沉溺游戲太害人。”毛毛的父親痛心疾首。

游戲是人類的天性，但孩子尚不是成熟的理性人。癡迷于《王者榮耀》這款游戲的，遠不止毛毛一個。為采寫本文，筆者向一位同窗舊友了解，她說她向來聽話的兒子迷上這款游戲后，晚上經常悄悄起床玩，甚至有一夜兩次偷偷爬進她房間，企圖拿走藏在柜子里的下載了游戲的手機。孩子即將面臨初一新生入學考，母親心急如焚，卻又無計可施。據國內媒體報道，《王者榮耀》的玩家中，中小學生占57%以上，而制作方騰訊公司對此數據表示否認。有杭州媒體記者通過對在杭州的幾所學校的調查，發現在玩這款游戲的孩子多得超出預想，個別小學里，參與玩此游戲者占70%以上。

杭州夏衍中學分管德育的校長助理蔣瀟瀟，曾寫下一篇名為《我懟天懟地懟“王者”》的文章，她驚悚于十來歲的男孩因母親打斷了他玩游戲，竟出手打母親這樣的新聞;揪心于孩子因沉迷于游戲而忘了學業、忘了校紀校規、忘了除游戲以外的一切的情狀：“前兩天，我在小區里聽見三個小學生聊天，一名男生用少年宮的30張獎勵卡換《王者榮耀》果凍卡貼，用榮譽去換這個成本僅幾元的東西，只能說明這款游戲的魔性實在太大了。游戲崇拜已經到了很嚴重的地步！”

該校召開的一次家長會上，很多老師和家長紛紛痛陳游戲之害，一致認為在校園及家庭中對它予以限制、由相關部門強化對網絡游戲的監管，已到了不容絲毫遲緩的地步。一位資深英語老師在連舉數例后說，沉迷游戲對孩子的負面影響是巨大的，學習的專注力下降，課余時間不愿運動、不愿閱讀，也不愿交流，所有的注意力和精力都傾注在游戲上面。“要毀掉一個孩子，就讓他沉溺游戲。”這位英語老師喟嘆。

嗜迷游戲，網絡時代的“社會病”

關于游戲，有數量龐大的人群被裹挾其中。從迷戀到癡迷，直至進入狂熱的愛戀，是一種社會性病癥，它不僅出現在克制力薄弱的中小學生身上，同樣也出現在大學生及年輕人群體、乃至中年人身上。

一位中年同事以萬般憂慮的語調告訴筆者，他的兒子入讀國內一所名牌大學，本以為兒子能造就學業、將來擁有理想的人生前途;然而一天他去看望兒子，發現寢室里的同學都捧著手機玩網絡游戲，兒子也癡迷其中;一問才知該游戲與學業毫無關聯，只是為了消磨時間、尋求刺激;有同學告訴，通過玩游戲可以掙到若干金錢，但這與大學生們所浪費的大好光陰相稱么？這位同事大呼后悔，對兒子說：“早知道這樣，當時就讓你換一所大學、不上名牌了！”兒子哂笑道：“換到哪所大學都一樣，現在哪個大學生不玩游戲？”

同事的兒子的說法難免夸張，但大學生癡迷游戲的現象的確已成了一個大問題。大學對學生的日常管理原本就較松弛，大學城里每到晚上更是見不到老師，而大學生除了攻讀功課外，也少有娛樂消遣活動，網絡游戲便填補了這一空白。手機的普及、手機功能的不斷升級，尤其是游戲種類、內容、項目、刺激程度不斷增加，使得不少大學生一發不可收地癡迷。如果說沉湎游戲，在中小學生尚有家長和老師過問，乏人管束的大學生就幾近失控。報道說，省內某名牌大學的一名理科生，正是因為玩游戲而荒廢了學業，無法再正常續讀，校方不得不將其退學，而類似的慘痛結局絕非僅此一例。

在臺州工作的朋友說，他的同事王女士發現，近段時間來，在上市公司做銷售的丈夫一回家就捏著手機玩個不停，吃飯時、帶孩子時也照玩不誤，甚至還與客戶一起玩，而對王女士無暇顧及，對家里的好多事情再無興趣處理。“我很討厭游戲，我們家百分之六七十的不和諧因素，都是因此而起。”王女士說，由于兩人為此齟齬不斷，從某種程度上說，網絡游戲已成為社會性病癥，傷害夫妻感情，破壞家庭和睦。

強化監管，祛除弊端方能健康發展

筆者從浙江省新聞出版廣電局得悉，浙江作為全國網絡游戲產業較為發達的省份，從事網絡游戲開發、引進、制作生產的企業眾多，幾乎每天都有好幾款游戲應市。由于不少人認定網絡游戲有利可圖，眾多經營商攜資進入此行，使得網絡游戲產業快速膨脹，成為一個投資熱點、乃至個別地方成為新的“經濟增長點”。為了爭搶玩家資源、吸引注意力，各路經營商使出渾身解數，不惜以“打擦邊球”的方式推出所謂新產品，這也是目前網絡游戲產業亂象叢生、殃及青少年身心健康的主要原因之一。

2017年初，一款源自俄羅斯的《藍鯨死亡》游戲傳入中國，迅速流行。與在國外一樣，這款游戲很快在中國釀成一幕幕悲劇，在寧波、溫州兩地，多次發現網民組織《藍鯨死亡》游戲，而“群主”往往正是青少年。令人驚訝的是，此類游戲竟能在國內“暢通無阻”，相關部門未予有效阻止。《王者榮耀》游戲的實名認證也形同虛設，用在百度上任意搜來的人名和身份證號碼填入，即可很順利地完成實名認證。很多孩子都知道上網玩游戲“很簡單”。endprint

針對當前網絡游戲種種弊病，有識之士已在大聲呼吁加強監管。2017年7月2日，騰訊公司發布消息，稱將以《王者榮耀》為試點，率先推出最嚴防沉迷系統措施，限制未成年人每天登錄的時長。然而，國家原“防沉迷系統”規定早已過時，在某種程度上目前尚處于法律法規“空白點”的網絡游戲監管，遠遠滯后于游戲業本身的發展。

但是，對網絡游戲，我們不該以“悲哀”來形容。網絡游戲是把雙刃劍，智者利己，有益于增長智力;愚者害己，沉迷其中，難已自拔。網絡游戲要興利除弊，需要全社會配合，除了制作商、經營商摒除只圖經濟效益、不顧負面效應的做法之外，學校、家庭應擔負起教育引導的責任，文化執法部門的監管方法也有待于更新、強化，如提高游戲制作和經營商的入行門檻，加強事中和事后監管，嚴厲處罰違規違法者，同時制訂相關行業標準，嚴格實施。家長和老師則正確引導孩子以更健康的生活和娛樂方式合理規范地利用，從而調整行為準則，鍛造人格。

（本文圖片由達飛欴提供）

A flourishing gaming industry is a brand new phenomenon in China. Some experts say there is still big room for Chinese electronic games to expand market presence both at home and abroad. According to some market analysts who watch the global gaming market， China overtook USA in 2016 to become the worlds biggest gaming playground. ， a multiplayer online battle game developed by Shenzhen-based Tencent and released in November 2015， is now the worlds leading game with over 200 million registered players in China alone. In May 2017 it became the highest-grossing mobile game in the world and it had 160 million monthly active users.

The top game is now being openly criticized in media for the negative impact it has afflicted upon some youngsters. It is reported that a 13-year-old boy in Hangzhou was so frustrated after he was banned by his father from playing the game that he jumped out of a window of the family apartment on the fourth floor. He was rushed to the hospital. The moment he came to， he urged his father to give back the mobile phone so that he could play the game. A mom complained that her son was so obsessed with that the boy sneaked two times into her room trying to get the mobile phone and play the game. The boy was about to sit for the middle school entrance examination. It was reported that primary and middle school students accounted for 57% of all the players of the top game， but Tencent said the data wasnt correct. Some media reporters did a survey in a number of schools in Hangzhou and found that the game enjoyed popularity greater than thought previously. Even some kindergarteners were playing the game. In a primary school， about 70% kids were playing .

Zhejiang is a powerhouse of game development. There are many businesses engaged developing and operating online games. Almost every day sees a number of new games go online. Venture capitals are a vital force behind the exponential growth of the gaming industry. In some regions， the online game is considered a new economy growth engine. Some game businesses， in order to grab bigger market shares and attract players， use controversial and dubious measures and deliberately ignore some rules. Thats why the gaming industry looks a little bit messy and hurt some children and their unsuspecting parents. Several cases have been reported that some kids stole their parents savings and purchased in-game items.endprint

In July 2017， Peoples Daily and Xinhua News Agency， two top national news media， published articles criticizing the social maladies caused by the obsession with and analyzing how the social problem could be brought under control. Game developers and parents are called to shoulder responsibility respectively.

On July 2， 2017， Tencent announced a group of practices to protect the young from spending too much hours on the game. Minors will be automatically kicked out if they stay in the game beyond the time limit. Tencent is being criticized for this inadequate policy. It is pointed out that it was based on a state regulation that many believe is outdated. Many people believe that the law lags far behind whats happening in the cyber world. What is more， some kids have found a way to play the game as an adult as it wouldnt be difficult to buy a false identification online.

Game developers and operators should do something about protecting the young. Government should regulate the industry more closely. Parents and school teachers should strengthen the guarding and guiding for children in a more responsible way.endprint