衛治功王麗紅綜述 李平審校
·綜述·
免疫檢查點綜合治療策略的研究進展
衛治功①王麗紅①綜述 李平②審校
免疫治療的快速發展打破了手術、放化療以及靶向治療構成的腫瘤常規治療模式。與傳統腫瘤治療相比,免疫治療的療效更持久,不良反應更小。免疫檢查點抑制劑作為免疫治療的重要組成部分,在臨床前及臨床試驗中已被證實具有廣闊的應用前景。然而截至目前,這一療法所帶來的臨床獲益僅局限于部分腫瘤類型的少部分患者,因此需要合理的綜合治療策略克服這種局限。基因靶向治療、放療、化療、腫瘤疫苗等都可以通過不同機制對免疫系統產生影響,為綜合治療提供了理論依據。本文就免疫檢查點治療及其與其他腫瘤治療方式聯合的綜合治療策略做一綜述。
免疫治療 免疫檢查點 共刺激分子 綜合治療策略
免疫細胞表面廣泛表達多種共信號分子,包括細胞毒T淋巴細胞相關抗原4(cytotoxic T-lympho?cyte-associated protein-4,CTLA-4)、程序性死亡受體1/程序性死亡配體1(programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1,PD-1/L1)、淋巴細胞活化基因3(lympho?cyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、T細胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin do?main-3,TIM-3)、B和T淋巴細胞弱化子(B-and T-lymphocyte attenuator,BTLA)、CD160等抑制性免疫檢查點分子,以及CD28、糖皮質激素誘導的腫瘤壞死因子受體(glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein,GITR)、OX40、CD27、CD40、4-1BB等共刺激分子[1],這些分子與腫瘤微環境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中的復雜配體相互作用,調節抗腫瘤免疫應答的最終效應。TME中高表達的免疫檢查點分子可導致T細胞失能,是腫瘤免疫逃逸的重要機制之一。與傳統抗腫瘤治療模式不同,免疫檢查點抑制劑并不直接作用于腫瘤細胞,也不針對腫瘤表面的某些特定物質,而是通過調節T細胞的活性,系統性增強全身抗腫瘤免疫。這一方法理論上講普遍有效,然而截至目前的臨床試驗,單個免疫檢查點抑制劑的臨床獲益僅局限于部分患者。借助于放療、化療、靶向治療等傳統治療方式構建或提高TME的免疫原性,或許可以使檢查點阻斷治療的療效變得更為廣泛、持久。隨著對抗腫瘤免疫應答機制研究的深入,越來越多的綜合治療策略正在被評估中[2]。為了滿足個體化治療的需要,腫瘤治療的“雞尾酒療法”將會是今后腫瘤免疫治療研究的新方向[3]。
隨著抗CTLA-4、抗PD-1/L1抗體的成功,免疫檢查點抑制成為免疫治療的主要方法。CTLA-4表達于活化的CD4+和CD8+T細胞,通過阻斷T細胞抗原受體(T cell receptor,TCR)下游信號的傳導以及與CD28競爭性結合配體從而負調節T細胞應答。針對CT?LA-4的單克隆抗體ipilimumab是第一個被證實可以取得生存獲益的免疫檢查點抑制劑[4],Ⅲ期臨床試驗表明ipilimumab可以顯著提高進展期黑色素瘤患者的總生存期。多個關于進展期間皮瘤、胃癌、非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)、膀胱癌等的臨床試驗正在評估抗CTLA-4抗體ipilimumab以及tremelimumab的療效[5]。PD-1主要表達在活化的T細胞、B細胞、樹突狀細胞(dendritic cells,DCs)表面。與CTLA-4類似,PD-1與配體結合后也可抑制TCR信號通路的下傳。針對PD-1/L1的阻斷性抗體在過去幾年也已經進入臨床階段,并且在轉移性黑色素瘤、肺癌、腎細胞癌中取得了廣泛的臨床獲益[3]。靶向于LAG-3、TIM-3等檢查點分子的抗體也正在研究中[6]。此外,T細胞的激活還需要共刺激分子的參與,靶向于GITR、4-1BB、OX-40以及CD40等共刺激分子的抗體可通過增強免疫細胞活性提高抗腫瘤免疫,在多種腫瘤的前期研究中也取得了不同程度的臨床療效[7-9]。
CTLA-4以及PD-1可調控不同的抑制性通路,研究證實,阻斷CTLA-4可以促進T細胞進入腫瘤組織成為腫瘤浸潤淋巴細胞(tumor infiltrating lympho?cyte,TIL),TIL產生的細胞因子IFN-γ(interferon gam?ma)反過來具有誘導TME中PD-L1表達的作用[10],從而增加患者從抗PD-1/L1治療中獲益的機會。在2015年報道的一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗中,入組約1 000例不可切除的Ⅲ/Ⅳ期黑色素瘤患者,結果表明ipilim?umab聯合nivolumab治療組的中位無進展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)為11.5個月,與ipilimumab或nivolumab單藥組相比分別提高8.6、4.6個月[11]?;诖搜芯棵绹称匪幤繁O督管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)批準ipilimumab聯合nivolumab用于進展期黑色素瘤的治療。該聯合方案治療進展期腎癌以及NSCLC的初期數據也顯示出較好的療效[12-13]。
2016年報道的一項Ⅰ期臨床試驗評估了抗PD-1抗體MEDI0680聯合抗PD-L1抗體durvalumab治療的安全性及最大耐受劑量,初期數據表明該聯合方案耐受良好,在入組的30例不同類型的實體瘤患者中,臨床獲益率約為35%[14]。此外,動物實驗證實,PD-1及LAG-3可通過協同作用調節T細胞,增強腫瘤的免疫耐受。雙重阻斷治療可以抑制腫瘤生長,促進抗腫瘤免疫[15]。另一種抑制性受體TIM-3的阻斷劑在動物模型中也被證實具有抗腫瘤活性,當與抗PD-L1聯合應用時這一作用更為明顯[16-17]。
免疫系統在腫瘤發展過程中是動態變化的,不同共信號分子的表達調控也比較復雜,免疫檢查點及共刺激分子在免疫調節中的作用各有不同,且相互補充,聯合治療或許能增強抗腫瘤的療效[18]。共刺激分子OX-40具有促進T細胞增殖、延長T細胞生存的作用。抗OX-40的激動性抗體聯合抗CTLA-4方案在動物腫瘤模型中被研究證實可以顯著提高生存率[19]。在對單一治療無反應的卵巢癌動物模型中抗PD-1聯合抗OX-40可引起病灶消退[20]。另一種共刺激分子4-1BB的特異性抗體相關的臨床前研究中,抗4-1BB聯合CTLA-4阻斷、CD40活化或放射治療時均展現出一定的抗腫瘤活性[6]。
基因靶向藥物對于含有特定基因突變的患者療效顯著,但耐藥性的產生導致緩解期相對短暫。與此相反,免疫檢查點抑制劑通過作用于單一靶點,可潛在地釋放針對多種不同腫瘤抗原的T細胞,從而產生持久應答[21]。聯合治療或許能夠綜合兩種療法的優勢,產生更為廣泛和持久的臨床獲益?;虬邢蛑委熗ㄟ^殺傷腫瘤細胞,導致腫瘤抗原以及新生抗原的釋放,這些抗原隨后被抗原提呈細胞(antigen presenting cells,APCs)提呈給腫瘤特異性T細胞,誘導其活化,同時上調CTLA-4、PD-1等表達,增加檢查點抑制劑的作用靶點,從而提高免疫治療療效。此外靶向治療釋放的腫瘤抗原還可以使檢查點抑制劑產生的免疫反應更為集中,從而減輕不良反應[22]。
一項表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)抑制劑erlotinib聯合抗PD-1抗體nivolumab治療晚期NSCLC的研究表明,聯合用藥是克服靶向耐藥的一項選擇[23]。治療黑色素瘤的BRAF抑制劑vemurafenib被證實可以提高腫瘤抗原以及MHC分子的表達,使得腫瘤細胞更易于被免疫系統攻擊[24]。然而并非所有研究都取得了期望中的結果,一項關于vemurafenib聯合ipilimumab的臨床試驗由于嚴重的肝毒性而終止[25]。另一項BRAF抑制劑dabrafenib聯合ipilimumab的臨床試驗則表現出較好的耐受性[26]。類似的情況也出現在酪氨酸激酶抑制劑sunitinib聯合不同的檢查點抑制劑治療轉移性腎癌的研究中[27-28]。上述結果表明在評估聯合治療方案時,藥物種類、劑量和(或)給藥周期等均需給予特別關注。
放療對免疫系統同樣存在多方面的影響。研究表明,放療可以誘導或增強所有階段的T細胞應答,包括T細胞激活、轉移以及在腫瘤內的應答等??赡艿臋C制包括:促進腫瘤抗原的釋放、攝取以及DCs的交叉提呈,促進誘導T細胞及DCs聚集的促炎因子以及趨化因子的產生等[22]。
在臨床前研究中,局部放療聯合系統性CTLA-4或PD-1阻斷治療可抑制腫瘤轉移[29-30]。動物模型及部分臨床個案證實,在給予系統性抗CTLA-4治療的基礎上,局部放療不僅可以導致已照射區的腫瘤消退,還可引起遠處病灶生長延遲甚至消退[31]。這一方案在治療去勢抵抗型前列腺癌的試驗中也表現出抗腫瘤活性[32]。此外,共刺激因子OX40抗體被證實與高劑量局部放療具有協同作用[33]。大量放療相關聯合方案的臨床試驗正在開展中,將會對未來的研究提供更多有價值的信息[34]。與放療類似,冷凍療法等其他腫瘤局部治療方式也可誘導抗原釋放以及局部免疫應答。在動物模型中對原發腫瘤行冷凍消融術聯合系統CTLA-4阻斷,同樣可以抑制遠處病灶的生長[35-36]。
大部分化學治療藥物在直接殺傷腫瘤細胞的同時,也將通過骨髓抑制等機制導致免疫細胞的減少,因此化療聯合免疫治療似乎是違反常理的。然而,多項研究證實,化療也可對免疫系統產生積極影響。化療誘導的腫瘤細胞免疫原性死亡可導致腫瘤抗原高表達,隨后通過活化DCs產生抗腫瘤應答[37]。此外,化療藥物還可以通過影響共信號分子表達,消耗負性免疫調節蛋白等方式,擾亂腫瘤的免疫逃避機制[38]。上述研究結果為化療聯合免疫檢查點治療提供了可能。大量臨床前研究評估了不同化療藥物聯合免疫檢查點抑制劑的療效[39-40]。一項ipilimumab聯合PC方案(紫杉醇+卡鉑)治療晚期NSCLC的Ⅱ期臨床試驗結果證實了該方案的可行性[41]。而niv?olumab聯合鉑類為基礎的化療方案則表現出不良反應的增加[42]。其他涉及抗PD-1/L1抗體的聯合方案也正在評估當中[37]。在共刺激分子激動劑聯合化療的方案中,抗CD40抗體CP-870、CP-893聯合吉西他濱治療進展期胰腺癌的試驗表現出較好的臨床反應[43]。同樣的抗體聯合卡鉑以及紫杉醇的研究也被證實具有免疫活化的作用[44]。
同免疫檢查點治療類似,抗腫瘤疫苗通過活化適應性免疫應答,誘導機體的抗腫瘤免疫。由于腫瘤的免疫逃逸以及抑制性免疫環境的存在,使得腫瘤疫苗的研究和應用相對困難。免疫檢查點抑制劑通過打破免疫抑制微環境,影響腫瘤的免疫耐受,從而使腫瘤疫苗充分發揮作用[45]。另一方面,腫瘤疫苗也可活化外周T細胞,促進其浸潤至腫瘤組織,從而誘導抗腫瘤免疫以及增強抗PD-1/L1治療的療效。此外,與抗CTLA-4聯合抗PD-1/L1相比,疫苗相關的聯合方案并未顯著增加不良反應[46]。
一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗評估了多肽疫苗GP100聯合ipilimumab用于進展期黑色素瘤的治療,然而并未觀察到額外獲益[47],原因尚不明確。DC疫苗聯合抗CTLA-4阻斷在不同的動物模型中被證實比單一治療更為有效[2]。由APCs制備的Sipuleucel-T(Provenge)用于難治性前列腺癌的治療中,病理學證實經Sipuleucel-T治療的前列腺癌組織中出現了TIL的增加以及PD-1表達[48]。相關臨床試驗正在評估此類疫苗聯合抗PD-1抗體的療效(NCT01420965)。此外部分臨床前試驗還證實了經修飾的同源腫瘤細胞疫苗、病毒載體疫苗與免疫檢查點抑制劑具有協同作用[2]。
經基因修飾的溶瘤病毒可以選擇性地在腫瘤細胞內復制,導致細胞溶解及死亡,同時釋放腫瘤抗原,刺激機體免疫應答[49]。用于黑色素瘤瘤內注射的Talimogene laherparepvec(T-vec)是轉染GM-CSF的基因重組單純皰疹病毒,T-vec聯合抗CTLA-4[50]或抗PD-1[51]的臨床試驗正在開展,初步數據顯示出較好的療效。enadenotucirev是一種可以系統性給藥的溶瘤腺病毒療法,其聯合抗PD-1抗體pembroli?zumab的臨床試驗[52]已被報道。
免疫檢查點抑制劑在越來越多的腫瘤中被證實具有較好的療效。同時,也需要合理的綜合治療策略使其適用于更多的患者和更廣的腫瘤類型。盡管這種治療方案前景廣闊,但是在其應用潛力發揮和廣泛臨床推廣之前,還有許多難題亟待解決。在已經過驗證或正在研究的治療策略中,有很多不僅是無效的,而且會增加不良反應,綜合治療的藥物種類,給藥劑量、周期以及次序等均會對臨床療效產生影響。此外在缺乏可靠的預測性生物標記物的情況下,免疫治療的療效還受到包括腫瘤的組織學類型、患者之間的變異,甚至是同一患者腫瘤內的異質性等多種因素影響。了解腫瘤、免疫系統以及不同治療方案之間的相互作用機制,將有助于設計出更多新型、有效、合理的腫瘤綜合治療策略。
[1]Chen L,Flies DB.Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition[J].Nat Rev Imm,2013,13(4):227.
[2]Zamarin D,Postow MA.Immune checkpoint modulation:rationaldesign of combination strategies[J].Pharmac Ther,2015,(150):23.
[3]Ledford H.Cocktails for cancer with a measure of immunotherapy[J].Nature,2016,532(7598):162.
[4]Hodi FS,O'Day SJ,Mcdermott DF,et al.Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma[J].New England J Med,2010,363(8):711-723.
[5]Page DB,Postow MA,Callahan MK,et al.Immune modulation in cancer with antibodies[J].Ann Rev Med,2014,65(65):185.
[6]Khalil DN,Smith EL,Brentjens RJ,et al.The future of cancer treatment:immunomodulation,CARs and combination immunotherapy[J].Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2016,13(5):273.
[7]Sznol M,Hodi FS,Margolin K,et al.PhaseⅠstudy of BMS-663513,a fully human anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibody,in patients(pts)with advanced cancer(CA)[J].J Clin Oncol Offi J Am Soci Clini Oncol,2008,26(15 Suppl):3007.
[8]Curti BD,Kovacsovicsbankowski M,Morris N,et al.OX40 is a potent immune-stimulating target in late-stage cancer patients[J].Cancer Res,2013,73(24):7189.
[9]Schaer DA,Hirschhorn-Cymerman D,Wolchok JD.Targeting tumornecrosis factor receptor pathways for tumor immunotherapy[J].J Imm Ther Cancer,2014,2(1):7.
[10]Fu J,Malm IJ,Kadayakkara DK,et al.Preclinical evidence that PD-1 blockade cooperates with cancer vaccine TEGVAX to elicit regression of established tumors[J].Cancer Res,2014,74(15):4042.
[11]Larkin J,Chiarion-Sileni V,Gonzalez R,et al.Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma.[J].New England J Med,2015,373(1):23.
[12]Hammers HJ,Plimack ER,Lnfante JR,et al.Expanded cohort results from CheckMate 016:a phaseⅠstudy of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)[C].Int Kidn Cancer Sympos,2015:11.
[13]Hellmann MD,Rizvi N,Gettinger SN,et al.3 097 Safety and efficacy of first-line nivolumab(NIVO)and ipilimumab(IPI)in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J].Eur J Cancer,2015,(51):S632-S633.
[14]Hamid O,Chow LQ,Sanborn RE,et al.Combination of MEDI0680,an anti-PD-1 antibody,with durvalumab,an anti-PD-L1 antibody:a phaseⅠ,open-label study in advanced malignancies[J].Ann Oncol,2016,27(Suppl 6):1050.
[15]Woo SR,Turnis ME,Goldberg MV,et al.Immune inhibitory molecules LAG-3 and PD-1 synergistically regulate T-cell function to promote tumoral immune escape[J].2011,72(4):917-927.
[16]Ngiow SF,Von SB,Akiba H,et al.Anti-TIM3 antibody promotes T cell IFN-γ-mediated antitumor immunity and suppresses established tumors[J].Cancer Res,2011,71(10):3540-3551.
[17]Sakuishi K,Apetoh L,Sullivan JM,et al.Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity[J].J Exp Med,2010,207(10):2187.
[18]Linch SN,Mcnamara MJ,Redmond WL.OX40 agonists and combination immunotherapy:putting the pedal to the metal[J].Frontiers in Oncol,2015,(5):34.
[19]Redmond WL,Linch SN,Kasiewicz MJ.Combined targeting of costimulatory(OX40)and co-inhibitory(CTLA-4)pathways elicits potent effector T cells capable of driving robust anti-tumor immunity[J].J Imm Ther Cancer,2013,1(1):1-1.
[20]Guo Z,Wang X,Cheng D,et al.PD-1 blockade and OX40 triggering synergistically protects against tumor growth in a murine model of ovarian cancer[J].Plos One,2014,9(2):e89350.
[21]Snyder A,Wolchok JD,Chan TA.Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade[J].J Exp Med,2009,206(8):1717.
[22]Sharma P,Allison JP.Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy:toward combination strategies with curative potential[J].Cell,2015,161(2):205.
[23]Rizvi NA,Hellmann MD,Snyder A,et al.Cancer immunology,mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in nonsmall cell lung cancer[J].Sci,2015,348(6230):124.
[24]Frederick DT,Piris A,Cogdill AP,et al.BRAF inhibition is associated with enhanced melanoma antigen expression and a more favorable tumor microenvironment in patients with metastatic melanoma[J].Clin Cancer Res An Offi J Am Associ Cancer Res,2013,19(5):1225-1231.
[25]Ribas A,Hodi FS,Callahan M,et al.Hepatotoxicity with combination of vemurafenib and ipilimumab[J].New England J Med,2013,368(14):1365-1366.
[26]Puzanov I,Callahan MK,Linette GP,et al.PhaseⅠstudy of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib(D)with or without the MEK inhibitor trametinib(T)in combination with ipilimumab(Ipi)for V600E/K mutation-positive unresectableormetastaticmelanoma(MM)[J].JClinOncol,2014,(14):368.
[27]Rini BI,Stein M,Shannon P,et al.PhaseⅠdose-escalation trial of tremelimumab plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.[J].Cancer,2011,117(4):758-767.
[28]Amin A,Plimack ER,Infante JR,et al.1 052 Pdnivolumab(N)(anti-PD-1;BMS-936558,ono-4538)in combination with sunitinib(S)or pazopanib(P)in patients(PTS)with metastatic renal cell carcinoma(MRCC)[C].Int Kid Cancer Sympo,2014,25(Suppl 4):2.
[29]Demaria S,Kawashima N,Yang AM,et al.Immune-mediated inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and CTLA-4 blockade in a mouse model of breast cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res An Offi J Am Associ Cancer Res,2005,11(1):728-734.
[30]Deng L,Liang H,Burnette B,et al.Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice[J].J Clin Inv,2014,124(2):687-695.
[31]Dewan MZ,Galloway AE,Kawashima N,et al.Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody[J].Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(17):5379-5388.
[32]Slovin SF,Higano CS,Hamid O,et al.Ipilimumab alone or in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer:results from an open-label,multicenter phaseⅠ/Ⅱstudy[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24(7):1813-1821.
[33]Gough MJ,Crittenden MR,Sarff MC,et al.Adjuvant therapy with agonistic antibodies to CD134(OX40)increases local control following surgical or radiation therapy of cancer in mice[J].J Inmuno,2010,33(8):798.
[34]Crittenden M,Kohrt H,Levy R,et al.Current clinical trials testing combinations of immunotherapy and radiation[C].Semin Radi Oncol,2015,25(1):54-64.
[35]Waitz R,Fassò M,Allison JP.CTLA-4 blockade synergizes with cryoablationtomediatetumorrejection[J].Oncoimmu,2012,1(4):544-546.
[36]Waitz R,Solomon SB,Petre EN,et al.Potent induction of tumor immunity by combining tumor cryoablation with anti-CTLA-4 therapy[J].Cancer Res,2012,72(2):430-439.
[37]Collazo-Lorduy A,Galsky MD.Combining chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade[J].Curr Opin Uro,2016,26(6):508-513.
[38]Emens LA,Middleton G.The interplay of immunotherapy and chemotherapy:harnessing potential synergies[J].Cancer Imm Res,2015,3(5):436-443.
[39]Jure-Kunkel M,Masters G,Girit E,et al.Synergy between chemotherapeutic agents and CTLA-4 blockade in preclinical tumor models[J].Cancer Imm,2013,62(9):1533-1545.
[40]Wang L,Amoozgar Z,Huang J,et al.Decitabine enhances lymphocyte migration and function and synergizes with CTLA-4 blockade in a murine ovarian cancer model[J].Cancer Imm Res,2015,3(9):1030-1041.
[41]Lynch TJ,Bondarenko I,Luft A,et al.Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stageⅢB/Ⅳnonsmall-cell lung cancer:results from a randomized,double-blind,multicenter phaseⅡstudy[J].J Clin Oncol,2012,30(17):2046-2054.
[42]Antonia SJ,Brahmer JR,Gettinger S,et al.Nivolumab(anti-PD-1;BMS-936558,ONO-4538)in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy(PT-DC)in advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J].Int J Radi Oncol Bio Phy,2014,90(5):S2.
[43]Beatty GL,Chiorean EG,Fishman MP,et al.CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans[J].Sci,2011,331(6024):1612-1616.
[44]Vonderheide RH,Burg JM,Mick R,et al.PhaseⅠstudy of the CD40 agonist antibody CP-870,893 combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors[J].Oncoimmun,2013,2(1):e23033.
[45]Jacobs J J L,Snackey C,Geldof AA,et al.Inefficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines and proposed improvements.Casus of prostate cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2014,34(6):2689-2700.
[46]Strauss J,Madan RA,Gulley JL.Considerations for the combination of anticancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors[J].Exp Opin Biol Ther,2016,16(7):895-901.
[47]O'Day S,Hodi FS,McDermott DF,et al.A phaseⅢ,randomized,double-blind,multicenter study comparing monotherapy with ipilimumab or gp100 peptide vaccine and the combination in patients with previously treated,unresectable stageⅢorⅣmelanoma[J].J Clin Oncol,2010,28(18 Suppl):4.
[48]Fong L,Carroll P,Weinberg V,et al.Activated lymphocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment following preoperative sipuleucel-T for localized prostate cancer[J].J Nat Cancer Ins,2014,106(11):268.
[49]Thorne SH.Immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus[J].Imm Res,2011,50(2-3):286-293.
[50]Puzanov I,Milhem MM,Andtbacka RHI,et al.Survival,safety,and response patterns in a phase 1b multicenter trial of talimogene laherparepvec(T-VEC)and ipilimumab(ipi)in previously untreated,unresected stageⅢB-Ⅳmelanoma[J].2015,29(2):9063.
[51]Ribas A,Puzanov I,Gajewski T,et al.A multicenter,open-label trial of talimogene laherparepvec(T-VEC)plus pembrolizumab vs pembrolizumab monotherapy in previously untreated,unresected,stageⅢB-Ⅳmelanoma[J].European J Cancer,2015.[Epub ahead of print].
[52]Harb W,Cerec V,Mcelwainejohnn H,et al.A phaseⅠstudy of pembrolizumab in combination with enadenotucirev(EnAd)(SPICE)in subjects with metastatic or advanced carcinoma[J].European J Cancer,2016.[Epub ahead of print].
(2017-03-10收稿)
(2017-04-26修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳 校對:鄭莉)
Comprehensive therapeutic strategies regarding immune checkpoint
Zhigong WEI1,Lihong WANG1,Ping LI2
Ping LI;E-mail:leepingmd68@vip.163.com
1West China School of Medicine,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610000,China;2No.1 Department of Oncology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610000,China
The rapid development of immunotherapy has exceeded that of standard treatment modes,which include surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy.Immunotherapy is more durable and less toxic than traditional cancer therapies.Moreover,immune checkpoint therapy is an important component of immunotherapy and has been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials and proven to exhibit broad prospects.However,its clinical benefits are limited to a small subset of patients with a subset of tumor types.Therefore,reasonable comprehensive therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome this limitation.Gene targeted therapy,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and tumor vaccine affect the immune system through different mechanisms,and these could provide theoretical bases for comprehensive treatments.In this review,immune checkpoint therapy and its potential comprehensive therapies with other cancer treatments are introduced.
immunotherapy,immune checkpoint,costimulatory molecule,comprehensive therapeutic strategies

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.15.270
①四川大學華西臨床醫學院(成都市610000);②四川大學華西醫院腫瘤一科
李平leepingmd68@vip.163.com
衛治功專業方向為腫瘤放射治療學。
E-mail:839508967@qq.com