向小平
幾乎所有兒童青少年在現實生活學習中都會面臨大小不同的逆境,且逆境的數量有增加的趨勢①Goldstein, S., Brooks, R.B.Why study resilience? In S.Goldstein, R.B.Brooks(Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children(2nd ed.).New York, NY: Springer, 2013: 3-14.。即使一些兒童青少年能免于貧困、父母長期不和、暴力、殘病和其他天災人禍等重大創傷,但日常的壓力和焦慮也不可避免。因而研究者越來越關注抗逆力的作用及促進激發兒童青少年抗逆力的方法。西方學者在過去近半個世紀的研究中,對促進抗逆力的因素和作用機制進行了大量的探討②Masten, A.S.Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises.Development and Psychopathology, 2007, 19(03): 921-930.,但目前的抗逆力研究還主要集中于個人和非正式支持的影響,鮮少有研究者關注正式支持,如社會政策和服務對促進抗逆力與社會適應的作用①Ungar, M., M.Ghazinour, et al.What is resilience within the social ecology of human development? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013, 54(4): 348-366.。
基于生態學視角,一些學者指出對抗逆力的研究不能局限于個體的能力與應對,以及與個體密切相關的人際關系互動,還應關注更大的生態、社會、文化環境是否提供了青少年發展所需要的機會與資源②Ungar, M., M.Ghazinour, et al.What is resilience within the social ecology of human development? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013, 54(4): 348-366.③Shaikh, A.and C.Kauppi.Deconstructing Resilience: Myriad Conceptualizations and Interpretations, International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 2010, 3(15): 155-176.④Ungar, M.The Social Ecology of Resilience: Addressing Contextual and Cultural Ambiguity of a Nascent Construct.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2011, 81(1): 1-17.⑤Ungar, M.and L.Liebenberg.Assessing Resilience Across Cultures Using Mixed Methods: Construction of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 2011, 5(2): 126-149.⑥Ungar, M.L.Theron, et al.Patterns of individual coping, engagement with social supports and use of formal services among a five-country sample of resilient youth.Global Mental Health, 2015, 2。在一個大型混合研究中,Ungar等訪問了來自5 個國家的608 名13-19 歲青少年抗逆力的路徑,發現大多數兒童青少年面臨逆境時的應對遵循個人應對——獲得非正式支持——尋求正式支持的漸進模型⑦Ungar, M., L.Liebenberg, et al.Patterns of service use, individual and contextual risk factors, and resilience among adolescents using multiple psychosocial services.Child Abuse Neglect, 2013, 37(2-3): 150-159.。當個人和關系資源無法有效應對時,周圍環境能否提供適切的服務和支持將對促進抗逆力形成和積極適應起到重要作用,且越是高危的青少年,社會福利與服務的作用可能越重要⑧Ungar, M.Practitioner Review: Diagnosing childhood resilience: a systemic approach to the diagnosis of adaptation in adverse social and physical ecologies.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015, 56(1): 4-17.。在一系列定量研究中,Ungar團隊具體考察了青少年接受的社會服務數量與質量的作用,普遍發現社會服務對抗逆力和社會適應都有顯著的正向影響。……