沒有冰淇淋古人夏天吃什么

文◎李虹睿

炎炎夏日，我們可以吃冰淇淋和凍酸奶，那么古人在熱天里吃什么來降溫解暑呢？

Su shan 酥山

Su shan is a dish that looks like crushed ice with milk and butter.

Poet Wang Lingran from the Tang Dynasty(618-907) described how people made and enjoyed su shan in his poem Ode to Su He Shan. According to the text, sugar was added to su shan that was shaped into many forms. Sometimes, su shan was decorated①decorate 英 ['dek?re?t] 美 ['d?k?ret] vt. 裝飾；布置；授勛給 vi. 裝飾；布置with fl owers and leaves to make it more beautiful.

"It is neither solid②solid英 ['s?l?d] 美 ['sɑl?d] adj. 固體的；可靠的；立體的；結(jié)實的；一致的 n. 固體；立方體, nor watery and disappears once it touches teeth," the poet wrote.

The su shan in his poem was thought by many scholars to be an early form of ice cream. However,only the royals and nobles were lucky enough to have large iceboxes to create the delicacy in summer.

酥山是一種用牛奶、奶油制成的看起來像刨冰的美食。

唐代詩人王泠然在詩歌《蘇合山賦》中描述了人們?nèi)绾沃谱骱拖碛盟稚?。根?jù)詩中所介紹的，人們在酥中加入糖，并做出各種造型。有時候，酥山還用花朵、樹葉作為裝飾。

王泠然在詩中寫道：“非固非絺；觸皓齒而便消”。

他筆下的酥山被很多學(xué)者認為是冰淇淋的早期形態(tài)。不過，只有王公貴族才有幸擁有大型冰窖來制作這一夏日美食。

Ice and iced beverages③冰食和冷飲

③ beverage 英 ['bev(?)r?d?] 美 ['b?v?r?d?] n. 飲料

Although there were no fridges in ancient times,iceboxes to store ice cubes in summer had become very common in rich families by the Tang Dynasty.

At that time, people either had ice water or crunched shaved ice.

People could easily buy iced beverages on the street during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). As a community service, some rich people even provided free ice water and medicine on the street for free.

Ice water sold during the Song Dynasty was often added to mung④mung 英 [m??; mu??] 美 [m??] n. 綠豆beans or licorice⑤licorice 英 ['l?k?r?s] 美 ['l?k?r?s; 'l?k?r??] n. 歐亞甘草；甘草汁；甘草糖（等于liquorice）to help prevent heat stroke⑥heat stroke中暑.

盡管古代沒有冰箱，但有錢人家夏天用冰窖來儲存冰塊在唐代已經(jīng)很普遍了。

那時候，人們既可以喝冰水也可以吃冰沙。

在宋代，人們很容易就能在街上買到用冰鎮(zhèn)的冷飲。一些有錢人家甚至義務(wù)地在街頭路邊“散暑藥冰水”。

宋代市面上出售的冰水還經(jīng)常被加入綠豆湯或甘草湯來幫助人們祛暑降溫。

Cherries with cheese and cane⑦syrup⑧糖酪澆櫻桃

⑦ cane 英 [ke?n] 美 [ken]n. 手杖；藤條；細長的莖 vt. 以杖擊；以藤編制

⑧ syrup 英 ['s?r?p] 美 ['s?r?p] n. 糖漿，果汁；含藥糖漿

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties (220-581), dairy⑨dairy英 ['de?r?] 美 ['d?ri] n. 奶制品；乳牛；制酪場；乳品店；牛奶及乳品業(yè) adj. 乳品的；牛奶的；牛奶制的；產(chǎn)乳的food appeared more frequently on ancient Chinese people's tables.

People made three kinds of cheese. One was called tian lao, or sweet cheese, which tasted like cheese yet looked like yogurt. Another is gan lao,or dried cheese, similar to solid cheese eaten today.The last one is cu lao, a kind of half-sour, half-sweet cheese, like yogurt.

The climate in the Yellow River area in the Tang Dynasty was warmer and moister, very different from today. Many cherry trees were planted there at that time. The fruit was common in early summer and people often added cheese and cane syrup to the cherries.

Lu You, a noted poet from the Song Dynasty,once wrote: "eat cherry, peach and cheese at the same time".

Thus in the Song Dynasty, when ancient Chinese people sent cherries as gifts, cheese was often presented together.

When rich noble people had cherries with cheese and cane syrup, they often used plates and bowls made of gold or colored glaze⑩glaze 英 [gle?z] 美 [ɡlez] vt. 裝以玻璃；上釉于vi. 變呆滯；變得光滑 n. 釉；光滑面to make the fruit look more mouthwatering①mouthwatering 英 ['ma?θ'w??t?r??]美 ['ma?θ'w?t?r??] adj. 令人垂涎的；美味的.

在魏晉南北朝時期，奶制品越來越多地出現(xiàn)在中國古人的餐桌上。

當(dāng)時有三種酪制品。一種叫甜酪，味道是奶酪的口感，但形態(tài)上更近似酸奶。另一種叫干酪，比較接近我們今天吃的固態(tài)西式奶酪制品。還有一種叫酢酪，類似于酸奶，味道酸甜。

唐代黃河流域的氣候更為溫暖潮濕，與今日很不相同。許多櫻桃樹就是在那個時候被栽種在那里的。初夏櫻桃大量結(jié)實，人們經(jīng)常將乳酪、蔗糖和櫻桃混拌在一起享用。

宋代詩人陸游有詩句云：“蠟櫻、桃子、酪同時?！?/p>

因而在宋代，古人在饋贈櫻桃的時候，常常連同乳酪一并奉送。

當(dāng)富有的貴人享用糖酪澆櫻桃時，他們經(jīng)常用金盤、彩畫榼等器皿來盛放，讓這道美食在視覺上更加賞心悅目。