主謂一致點(diǎn)撥

張文中

主謂一致是高考常考的語法項(xiàng)目，在語法填空、短文改錯(cuò)中經(jīng)常有所體現(xiàn)，在寫作中也常常使同學(xué)們感到為難。本人根據(jù)實(shí)際教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，教你四句話記牢主謂一致的規(guī)則：主復(fù)謂動(dòng)復(fù)，主單謂動(dòng)單；一分可為二，前后兩向看。

[謂動(dòng)用復(fù)數(shù)的情況]

1. 主語是復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)。如：

Two boys are playing on the playground.

2. 由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名詞作主語時(shí)。如：

英語中有些由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名稱，如glasses（眼鏡），scissors（剪刀），shorts（短褲），shoes（鞋子），trousers（褲子）等作主語時(shí)，其后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

His glasses were broken， so he cant see well.

His trousers are made of cotton.

注意 若這類名詞前帶有pair等表示單位的名詞時(shí)，這些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定動(dòng)詞的形式。如：

Two pairs of trousers are missing.

This pair of shoes is not on sale.

3. and連接的兩個(gè)并列名詞做主語，兩個(gè)名詞表示不同的人或物時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，若表示同一人或物則謂語用單數(shù)。

A dancer and a singer are on the stage. （兩個(gè)人）

A dancer and singer is on the stage. （同一人）

4. 集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互“矛盾”的，就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式，但表達(dá)的是復(fù)數(shù)概念。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個(gè)體，這類名詞有police，cattle，machinery，faculty，flock，vermin，personnel等。它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

The police have caught the murder.

Our personnel are very highly trained.

The vermin are very dangerous.

[謂動(dòng)用單數(shù)的情況]

1. 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞，如politics，physics，mathematics等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news，works，plastics等同屬此類。如：

Politics is now taught in all schools.

“News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances，” the company commander said.

Mathematics is a required subject for us.

Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution， but the sky is still not clear.

2. 有些集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體，即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi)，所以只有單數(shù)形式。如作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。這類名詞常見的有：humanity，mankind，proletariat等。如：

The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment， mankind makes constant progress.

3. 當(dāng)表示時(shí)間、距離、金額等度量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如：

Two hours is enough for the task.

4.單個(gè)不定式短語、動(dòng)詞ing形式或名詞性從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

What I want is a good sleep.

5. “more than one+名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如：

More than one teacher gets the flowers.

6.“many a+名詞”作主語時(shí)，從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如：

Many a student has been sent to plant trees.

[一分為二原則]

1. 集體名詞作主語時(shí)，若看作整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)體（成員），謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有：family（家庭），class（班級(jí)），team（團(tuán)隊(duì)），group（組），public（公眾），audience（觀眾），committee（委員會(huì)），government（政府）。

Our class is a good one.

Our class are having a meeting.

2.“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the rest/the majority of”，“none/all/half of+名詞”這種結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一般取決于of后名詞的數(shù)及其意義。如：

More than seventy percent of the earth is covered with water.

There are ten apples. I ate two apples and the rest are for Lilei.

3. “a number/group/variety of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；“the number/group/variety of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

A number of students are lying on the grass.

The number of the students is sixty.

4. a large quantity of與large quantities of修飾名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。如：

A large quantity of books is on the ground.

Large quantities of water are on the ground.

5. “one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)；而在“the （only） one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。如：

He is one of the students who go to school on time.

He is the （only） one of the srndents who goes to school on time.

6. 名詞化的形容詞作主語。“the+形容詞”作主語，按照意義一致的原則確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果指一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指一個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。這類形容詞有old，young，rich，poor，blind，deaf，dead，sick等。如：

The rich are not always happy.

The wounded is a policeman.

The beautiful is not always the same as the good.

[三看原則]

1.向前看（就前原則）

在下列結(jié)構(gòu)“A+with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/including/but/except+B”中，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式與A一致。

Li Lei， together with his parents， likes going jogging ocfter super.

2.向后看（就近原則）

在neither A nor B/either A or B/not only A but also B/not A but B/“A or B+謂語動(dòng)詞”這些結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式和后面的主語一致。

the following作主語時(shí)，使用就近原則。如：

The following are good examples.

3. 實(shí)事求是

關(guān)系代詞who，that，which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。當(dāng)先行詞是“the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)先行詞是“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

He is one of the students who were invited.

He is the only one of the students who was invited.