定語從句的關系詞

吳靜

關系詞是定語從句的核心。同學們往往容易在關系詞的選擇上出錯，針對這種情況，筆者歸納了不同的關系詞的區別，幫助同學們克服這一困難。

[五組易混關系代詞用法辨析]

1. 只用that不用which的情況

先行詞是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時。如：I refuse to accept the blame for something that was his fault.

先行詞被the only，any，few，no，very等修飾時。如：Australia is the only country that is also a continent.

先行詞是形容詞的最高級或序數詞，或被形容詞的最高級、序數詞修飾時。如：This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.

先行詞人、物并用時。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？

主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。如：Which is the bike that you lost？

先行詞在主句中作表語， 而關系代詞也在從句中作表語時。如：Shandong is no longer the province that it used to be.

2. 只用which不用that的情況

關系代詞前有介詞時。如：Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born？

引導非限制性定語從句時。如：As a child， Jack studied in a village school， which is named after his grandfather.

先行詞為that/those時。如：Whats that which was put in the car？

which用作定語時。如：He may be late， in which case we ought to wait for him.

3. the same ... as ... 與the same ... that ...

the same ... as表示相似或同類的東西，the same ... that表示同一人或物。如：

This is the same book as he lent me last week.

This is the same book that he lent me last week.

4. such/so ... as與such/so ... that

such/so ... as （定語從句）像……那樣

such/so ... that （狀語從句）如此……以至于

This is such an easy question as I can answer.

This is such an easy question that I can answer it.

5. as與which

as引導的非限制性定語從句既可以放在主句前， 也可以放在主句后， 有時還可插入主句中。which引導的非限制性定語從句通常放在主句之后。

as意為“正如……”，后面的謂語動詞多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等； which意為“這一點”或“這件事”等。

He is a very successful man， as is known to all.

The meeting was put off， which astonished us.

[常考的關系代詞who， whom， whose]

1. 用who和whom的情況

先行詞為one，ones，anyone，those，且指代人時。如：

The persons I want to talk about with you are Faye Wong and Li Yapeng， the ones who signed a divorce agreement on Friday in Urumqi.

在there be結構中， 修飾主語的定語從句宜用關系代詞who指代人。如：Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.

一個句子中帶有兩個修飾人的定語從句， 其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that， 另一個宜用who以避免重復。如：The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.

當關系代詞前面有介詞，只能用whom。whom在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞可放在后面，也可提前以構成“介詞+whom（先行詞指人）”結構。如：The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people， many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.

2. whose的用法

關系代詞whose一般指人，表示“該人的”，也可指物，表示“該物的”，在以物為先行詞時，可用of which代替在從句中作定語。如：The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the most imagination.

注意：關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。如：

Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.

Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

[關系副詞when， where， why]

1. when的用法

先行詞為“時間名詞”，可用when引導定語從句，when在定語從句中作狀語，也可用“介詞+which”結構代替。如：The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

2. where的用法

先行詞是“地點名詞”，定語從句可用where引導，where在從句中作狀語，也可用“介詞+which”結構代替。如：A bank is the place where（=in which） they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

定語從句如果修飾point，situation，part，condition和case等表示抽象意義的詞，常用where引導，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況下”。如：You reach a point where medicine cant help.

3. why的用法

先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason時，可以用why引導定語從句，why在其中作原因狀語，可用for which替代。可以把此時的句子牢記為一個固定句型，即The reason why ... is/was that ...，意為“……的原因是……”。如：The reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.

[選擇關系代詞/副詞的原則]

在選擇關系詞時，最重要的是分析定語從句所缺的成分。若從句缺主語、賓語、定語或表語，那么必須用關系代詞；若從句不缺主語、賓語、定語或表語，那么必須用關系副詞。

This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year. （關系詞在從句中作賓語）

I will never forget the day when my father returned from America. （關系詞在從句中作狀語）

先行詞是表示方法、方式的way，后面的定語從句缺方式狀語時可以用that或in which引導，也可以省略關系詞。如果后面的定語從句中缺少賓語，要用that或which引導，也可以省略關系詞。如：

I dont like the way that/in which/不填 he speaks to his mother.

例1 （2015·湖南卷） It is a truly delightful place， ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

A. as B. where C. that D. which

解析 D。此句是非限制性定語從句，先行詞place在定語從句中作主語，所以要用關系代詞引導。as引導非限定性定語從句時要放在句首，故選用which。句意：這真是一個令人愉快的地方，這里蜿蜒的小路和美麗的村舍一定和一百年前看起來一模一樣。

例2 （2015·北京卷） Opposite is St. Pauls Church， ________ you can hear some lovely music.

A. which B. that C. when D. where

解析 D。這是一個定語從句。先行詞是St. Pauls Church，從句主謂賓成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推斷出引導詞在從句中作地點狀語，用where。句意：對面是圣保羅教堂，在教堂里你能聽到一些優美的音樂。

點撥 關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。做題之前先看句中有沒有逗號，逗號是非限制性定語從句的標志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成分，在定語從句中從句主語和賓語都不缺少時，應該考慮關系副詞。