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例談高考英語七選五閱讀解題技巧

2017-03-20 22:57:23季怡平
校園英語·中旬 2017年2期

季怡平

【摘要】通過分析七選五閱讀題,從命題特點、學生問題、解題步驟、解題技巧方面進行研析,旨在提供給學生一套提高七選五解題效率的實用方法。

【關鍵詞】七選五閱讀 解題技巧

一、引言

浙江省在2016年10月的高考英語試卷中增加了新題型——七選五閱讀。顧名思義,要求考生根據所提供短文的內容(300詞左右),從短文后所提供的七個選項中選出五個選項填入原文中的恰當位置。這一題型旨在考查學生理解語篇上下文邏輯關系的能力。這給考生帶來了較大的挑戰,因為學生不熟悉英語邏輯思維,對于新題型的解讀又缺乏必要的技巧。因此,筆者將以一些典型題目為例,分析七選五閱讀的解題方法與技巧,幫助學生高效解題。

二、命題特點和學生常見問題

高考七選五所選材料通常是學生所熟悉的話題,一般為說明文。說明文又分為兩類:有小標題類和無小標題類。解題時不僅要對所讀文章的主旨大意、具體信息有所了解,還要把握整篇文章的結構脈絡和作者的寫作思路。筆者收集了學生做該題型的出錯率并和他們交流后,發現學生的問題有以下幾點:1.解讀速度較慢。2.難以確定正確選項。3.較難排除多余選項。4.出現一錯連錯現象。

三、解題步驟

根據題型特點,結合學生問題,建議解讀步驟如下:1.速讀文章,預測大意、分析結構。2.結合選項,找出對應的關鍵詞。3.看空前空后內容,分析之間的邏輯性。4.靈活掌握答題順序,先易后難。5.研讀多余選項,確定排除,杜絕連錯。6.代入答案,再讀文章,核查邏輯關系。

四、解題技巧

筆者通過分析研究近幾年的高考真題和學生平常所做的練習題,總結出了關鍵詞法(Keywords)、結構預測法(Foretelling)、邏輯關系法(Connection)三種解題技巧,統稱為“KFC解題法”,方便學生記憶,并在提高學生的解題速度和準確度上起到了很好的輔助效果,有效地幫助了學生克服實際困難。

1.關鍵詞法(Keywords)——鎖定目標。在七選五閱讀中,可以通過注意尋找空格前后的某些關鍵詞與選項中是同一詞匯、同義近義詞、反義詞、同一領域的詞匯、指示代詞或人稱代詞等,它們的重復出現,是解題時的重要突破口,幫助學生快速鎖定目標選項。

(1)同一詞匯。

例題:1. ...As a result, human developed a range of character types that still exist today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it._______.(2010課標全國卷I)

答案A. It all depends on your character.

解析:選項中和空格前都出現了character這一關鍵詞。利用同詞復現,結合句意,很快得到正確選項A。

(2)同義近義詞。

例題:2. Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: In London, commuters dont look at each other.______. That is not rudeness—people are just too busy to bother looking.

答案B. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all the time.

解析:選項中的“eye contact”與空格前“look at each other”表達了相同的意思,屬于同義表達。

(3)反義詞。

例題:3. On the other hand, the advantages of going overseas may include day-to-day opportunities to learn a new culture, meet new friends with whom you can use and practice the language, and chances to see different parts of the world. ______Those disadvantages include expense, time away from ones school, family,…

答案B. However, there may be a number of disadvantages.

解析:該段落主要說明了海外生活的優缺點,利用“advantages”和“disadvantages”這組反義詞,可以迅速找到答案。

(4)同一領域詞匯。

例題:4. Curiosity: Your children need to be deeply curious. _____. Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?” and then try them out. (2014課標全國卷I)

答案:A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

解析:從空格后“ingredients”和“pancakes”可以推斷出選項應是“鼓勵孩子cook”。這三個關鍵詞屬于同一領域詞匯。

(5)指示代詞或人稱代詞。

例題:5. _______. It is a very happy day for many boys and girls. Before the terms end in some schools, the children act a nativity(基督誕生)or “birth” play, showing how Jesus was born in a stable(馬廄)。

答案D. Christmas Day falls on the twenty—fifty of December.

解析:利用空格后“It is a very happy day”中的指示代詞“It”作為線索,不難找到選項D中的“Christmas Day”正好是“It”所指代的。

2.結構預測法(Foretelling)——庖丁解牛。帶著預測去閱讀目的性更強,能夠幫助學生更好的理解文本,也能夠使閱讀過程變得更有趣味性。在做七選五閱讀時,首先要通讀全篇,把握全文的結構脈絡,站在一定的高度看問題,便能對問題做出預測,使問題迎刃而解,事半功倍。對于有小標題的篇章,可以采用“根據空格位置預測法”,對于無小標圖的篇章,可以采用“思維導圖預測法”。

(1)根據空格位置預測法。

例題:6._________

When a person is asking a question, show interest and a desire to understand the question by listening and asking for clarification. (2010課標全國卷I)

答案A. Show your true interest.

解析:該空格位于該段落小標題的位置,可以預測是段落的主題句。根據段落關鍵詞“show interest”不難概括出該段落主題句是選項A. Show your true interest.

例題:7. Nowadays in China, parents care about their childrens education more than anything else. They spend a lot coaching(訓練) their children in their studies. Some even hire teachers for their children. Many have their children sent to after-class schools._______. (2010課標全國卷I)

答案A. It seems as if a better education is all that parents expect for their children.

解析:該空格位于段落末尾,而段落末尾通常是結論、概括性的語句。因此,根據預測,結合段落內容,可見選項A是對該段落的概括。

(2)思維導圖預測法。

例題:(2013課標全國卷I)

Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit(利潤) —that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 71 . Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72 .

Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. 73 . One is the establishment(制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 74 . The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision

(監管) and guidance by the management in authority. 75 .

A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.

B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.

C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.

D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.

E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.

F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.

G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.

解析:通過對篇章行文結構的分析,在解題前先畫出如下思維導圖,幫助做題:

上面的思維導圖一目了然地呈現了篇章的結構脈絡。根據該思維導圖,可以輕松地預測出71題內容應該是講“some/other businesses”的情況;73題和75題分別是“Planing”和“Control”的具體介紹;74題一定是以“The second”開頭的句子。然后對照選項,答案便迅速浮出水面:

3.邏輯關系法(Connection)——邏輯思維。英語語篇通常使用大量的表達邏輯關系的連接詞,邏輯關系十分顯性,邏輯性很強。而中文語篇不使用大量的邏輯關聯詞,行文邏輯往往較為隱形。七選五閱讀主要考查學生理解語篇上下文邏輯關系的能力。而這往往是熟悉了中文行文邏輯的中國考生所缺乏的能力。以下例題分析如何通過關聯詞來理解前后文的意義,從而解決問題。

例題8. Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizer.______. However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.(2013課標全國卷I)

答案:E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.

解析:該段落第一句的開頭為“Some people”,第二句開頭為“Others”,而選項E的開頭為“Still others”,結合句意,這三句話構成了并列關系,因此E為正確選項。

例題:9. _________. However, the real movie capital is Mumbai, in India. Mumbai used to be known as Bombay, and so the film industry there is called “Bollywood”

答案:C. Most people think that the capital of the movie world is Hollywood, in the United States.

解析:根據空格后的“However”可知前后句意必須要構成轉折關系,而C選項與后文語意剛好相反,因此C為正確選項。

因此,做七選五閱讀時,要擅于借助邏輯關聯詞來分析上文的語意關系,常見的關聯詞語有:

(1)表并列或遞進關系:and, besides, in addition, moreover, either…or…, not only…but also等;

(2)表因果關系:because, for, since, so, therefore, as a result等;

(3)表轉折與讓步關系:but, yet, however, though, otherwise, while, on the contrary 等;

(4)表例證關系:such as, for example, for instance, namely 等;

(5)表對比關系:while, whereas, rather…than, instead of 等;

(6)表條件關系:if, only if, if only, unless, in case, as long as 等;

(7)表時間關系:when, before, after, as, meanwhile, at the same time 等。

五、結束語

“知己知彼,百戰不殆”,針對學生困難,了解命題特點,科學總結解題步驟,探究解題技巧,便可從容應對七選五閱讀理解題的考查。關鍵詞法(Keywords)、結構預測法(Foretelling)、邏輯關系法(Connection)三種解題技巧,統稱“KFC解題法”,是一套行之有效的實用技巧。三者技巧各有側重,又有相互交叉融合的部分。另外,技巧只能起到輔助的作用,學生的英語閱讀能力仍舊是解題的主導因素。因此,學生在解題時不能完全依賴技巧,而是要靈活地綜合運用這些輔助的解題技巧,以提高解題的效率和正確率。

參考文獻:

[1]陳靜.中學英語多元閱讀的探究[J].學苑教育,2010(6):39.

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