高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程改革中的學(xué)生主體性及教師主導(dǎo)性

楊維　覃艷

摘 要：“以學(xué)生為主體，教師為主導(dǎo)”的教育思想能在高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程改革中深入發(fā)揮英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得課程中的自主性、批判性、積極性和創(chuàng)造性。教師的主導(dǎo)作用主要表現(xiàn)在課程開(kāi)發(fā)和課程教學(xué)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生架構(gòu)語(yǔ)言規(guī)律模型及體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言素材的意義和功能。

關(guān)鍵詞：以學(xué)生為中心 自主性 表意模型 語(yǔ)法規(guī)則

新世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程教學(xué)改革強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力和人文素養(yǎng)。“以學(xué)生為主體，教師為主導(dǎo)”的教育模式能充分體現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教師的引導(dǎo)作用和激勵(lì)功能，能進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在課程學(xué)習(xí)中的自主性、靈活性、創(chuàng)造性和積極性。探討以激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)能動(dòng)性為核心的教育思潮在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程開(kāi)發(fā)及教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)中的具體應(yīng)用，能全面培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生的理論認(rèn)知水平、語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用技能和基礎(chǔ)人文素養(yǎng)，同時(shí)也有利于高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教師提升職業(yè)素養(yǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)變教學(xué)理念和拓展授課模式。[1]

傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)教師在課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)凸顯主體地位，講授通常成為教師授課的主體模式。一堂課的多數(shù)時(shí)間，學(xué)生常常缺乏有效參與課堂進(jìn)程的資源和手段。對(duì)于大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生而言，第二語(yǔ)言的習(xí)得進(jìn)程即為課堂學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)專心聽(tīng)取授課內(nèi)容，快速記錄課堂筆記以及努力掌握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。很多學(xué)生甚至認(rèn)為第二語(yǔ)言習(xí)得就是各項(xiàng)語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)的識(shí)記和再現(xiàn)。其實(shí)，每個(gè)人外語(yǔ)習(xí)得水平的關(guān)鍵差異往往不在于詞匯量的大小、傳統(tǒng)意義上的語(yǔ)法熟練程度或者句型的復(fù)雜多樣性。譬如，作家和普通人寫(xiě)作層次的主要差異不在于詞匯量的積累，更不取決于母語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的掌握程度。在筆者看來(lái)，造成兩者寫(xiě)作水平差異的主要因素之一就是語(yǔ)言表意能力的差別。作家以寫(xiě)書(shū)為職業(yè)，日常工作的主要內(nèi)容是高效產(chǎn)出大量有意義的語(yǔ)篇，作家的基本素養(yǎng)之一就是駕馭常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言文字用以描繪、記敘、概括并解釋現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的熱點(diǎn)事件、生活百態(tài)和社會(huì)關(guān)系。也就是說(shuō)，作家能高效運(yùn)用現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)言單位，生動(dòng)貼切地表述真實(shí)世界中客觀存在的場(chǎng)景、事件或者塑造內(nèi)心世界里主觀構(gòu)建的概念和意境。恰恰相反，普通人以閱讀為愛(ài)好，業(yè)余消遣的重要途徑是暢快閱讀大量有情節(jié)的作品，普通人的基本素質(zhì)之一就是采用常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言文字用以描述、總結(jié)和抒發(fā)日常生活中的事件、經(jīng)歷、情感和體驗(yàn)。也就是說(shuō)，普通人的寫(xiě)作水準(zhǔn)可界定為采用廣泛認(rèn)可的表意模式和文化內(nèi)涵從而準(zhǔn)確并清晰傳遞主客觀世界中的事件和觀念。另外，寫(xiě)作表達(dá)不光與語(yǔ)言文字的掌握程度有關(guān)，也與作者的思想密切相關(guān)。作家在社會(huì)閱歷、知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、生活感悟等方面的積累比普通人更深厚。因此，作家的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備、寫(xiě)作素材和經(jīng)歷見(jiàn)識(shí)比普通人更豐富。總而言之，普通人對(duì)語(yǔ)言規(guī)律的提煉、驗(yàn)證和運(yùn)用不如作家深刻，對(duì)背景知識(shí)、創(chuàng)作素材和社會(huì)文化的理解不如作家有洞察力。反映在作品上，普通人選取的創(chuàng)作素材相對(duì)作家而言較為枯燥、平淡，寫(xiě)作手法和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用也不如作家恰當(dāng)、精準(zhǔn)和生動(dòng)。在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程教學(xué)中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的認(rèn)知僅僅停留在用本族語(yǔ)描述語(yǔ)言規(guī)則這一層面，既不了解語(yǔ)法規(guī)律之間的關(guān)系，也并未意識(shí)到語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的生成途徑。很多學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則所指代的意義和功能也缺乏基本認(rèn)知。比如，很多學(xué)生可以用本族語(yǔ)講述英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)從句的概念，但不能在語(yǔ)篇中準(zhǔn)確辨識(shí)定語(yǔ)從句。因此，類似的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)在寫(xiě)作中極少出現(xiàn)。并且有相當(dāng)一部分的學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作或口語(yǔ)不能正確生成定語(yǔ)從句。為此，筆者在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程教學(xué)中采用“以學(xué)生為主體，教師為主導(dǎo)”的教育模式，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極搜尋、產(chǎn)出和比較內(nèi)嵌該語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的素材，啟發(fā)學(xué)生提煉該語(yǔ)法規(guī)律的概念模型，并鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用構(gòu)建的表意模型來(lái)理解含有該語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)例，進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在實(shí)踐中檢驗(yàn)并修正所提取語(yǔ)言規(guī)律的真實(shí)性和適用范圍，并激勵(lì)學(xué)生自主運(yùn)用提煉的概念模型在真實(shí)語(yǔ)境下產(chǎn)出語(yǔ)言素材。例如，“This is an old photo of my family. Thats my father wearing a short sleeved shirt next to the dog.” 教師提問(wèn)并啟發(fā)學(xué)生“The word ‘thatin the second sentence is referred to as？” 學(xué)生的反饋可作為下一步構(gòu)建表意模塊的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。“‘thatis referred to as the photo. However， if ‘thatmeant the photo， the second sentence would be interpreted as the photo is my father wearing a short sleeved shirt next to the dog. In fact， my father could be anything but a photo. My father is a person， not a photo in any sense.” 教師繼續(xù)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生解讀相關(guān)語(yǔ)言素材并界定與指代詞有關(guān)的概念模型。”My younger brother joined the spectacular parade in Virginia to commemorate Lincoln. That ignited a series of memorial concerts in honor of this American president. ‘Thatin the second sentence is referred to as the spectacular parade. Whats that in the front pocket of your dark jeans？ Its a handmade yo-yo from a craft store. ‘thatin the first sentence is referred to as an object or a thing visually perceived by the conversation starter.” 教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納上述指代詞所對(duì)應(yīng)的概念模型。“‘thatcan be referred to as a thing or an object in the context. But can ‘thatbe referred to as a person or a group of people？” 學(xué)生通過(guò)探究上述語(yǔ)言實(shí)例進(jìn)一步拓展指代詞的表意內(nèi)涵。”Whos the girl dressed in blue with a writing pad in her hand？ Thats Susan， a small business owner based in Downtown Manitoba. ‘Thatis referred to as the blue wearing girl some distance from the conversation starter.” 教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生完善上述指代詞的表意內(nèi)涵并解讀最初提供的語(yǔ)言素材。”‘Thatmay be referred to as a person or a group of people， as the girl wearing a blue attire in the previous context. Also， ‘thatmay be referred to an object or a thing. Therefore， ‘thatfrom the first example is referred to as the person in the photo. The whole sentence can be interpreted as the person in the photo is my dad. He wore a short sleeved shirt next to the dog.” 教師通過(guò)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生搜尋或產(chǎn)出含有該指代詞的定語(yǔ)從句，可啟發(fā)她們探究?jī)?nèi)嵌此類定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句的語(yǔ)法模型。”Jack that works at the front desk of Hilton Garden Inn came across a rock music star at the festival. “教師首先誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中界定這個(gè)指代詞的所指對(duì)象。”‘thatcan be referred to as a person or a thing. But in this particular context， it cant represent the front desk， a rock music star or the festival but Jack.”通過(guò)界定指代詞在語(yǔ)境下的表意內(nèi)涵，教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句簡(jiǎn)化并分割。”How to break down the complex sentence and preserve its meaning？ So who works at the hotel？ Jack. As a result， Jack works at the front desk of Hilton Garden Inn. This makes perfect sense given the context. How to connect Jack to the remaining components of the complex sentence and create meaning？ Jack came across a rock music star at the festival.” 教師提示學(xué)生含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句似乎可以看成是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的組合，但兩者有部分內(nèi)容必定產(chǎn)生關(guān)聯(lián)。“Tiffany pointed her finger to a Calgary travelers guide brochure. I flipped through a bound copy of a collection of Shakespeares sonnets.”學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)前后兩句話沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，所以無(wú)法壓縮為含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。但是” Tiffany pointed her finger to a Calgary travelers guide brochure. I fixed my eyes intently on the travelers guide brochure. Both sentences contain Calgary travelers guide brochure thus can be compressed into a complex sentence with an attributive clause.”教師再次引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用有關(guān)指代詞替代句子成份并將它們合并為含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。“Now that a Calgary travelers guide brochure is a man made object and thus be substituted with ‘that， those two sentences can be compressed into a complex sentence as Tiffany pointed her finger to a Calgary travelers guide brochure that I fixed my eyes intently on.” 教師還可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究相關(guān)指代詞在充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的擺放位置。在第一個(gè)例子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)，緊挨指代對(duì)象并向右與部分句子成分連接成句。”Jack works at the front desk of Hotel Garden Inn. Jack is referred to as that.”在第二個(gè)例子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)，緊挨指代對(duì)象，其后句子成份向左與其連接成句。”I fixed my eyes intently on the Calgary travelers guide brochure. The Calgary travelers guide brochure is referred to as that.”最后，教師繼續(xù)發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體性，在提煉復(fù)合句中定語(yǔ)從句基本表意模型后，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探討語(yǔ)篇中定語(yǔ)從句的功能。學(xué)生通過(guò)細(xì)致比較不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過(guò)相關(guān)指代詞生成定語(yǔ)從句，能指示原有簡(jiǎn)單句的人或物。與原有的簡(jiǎn)單句比較，含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句可有效減少語(yǔ)言單位長(zhǎng)度，使表達(dá)更簡(jiǎn)潔、精煉。學(xué)生在研究含有定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)雜句的拆分和合并后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，用生成的表意模塊解讀含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句，能精準(zhǔn)領(lǐng)悟復(fù)雜句的含義，進(jìn)而提高閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確度和速率。同樣，教師可啟發(fā)學(xué)生構(gòu)建其它指代詞在具體語(yǔ)境中的指示范疇。例如“Which do you like better for main food， potatoes or rice？ Which should I take to the State Museum， Number 6 or Number 17？” 學(xué)生通過(guò)搜集、產(chǎn)出和歸納有關(guān)語(yǔ)言素材，可意識(shí)到“‘whichis referred to as A or B / A or B or C…A and B and C being things or persons. Therefore， ‘whichmay be referred to as an object or objects in an attributive clause.” 教師鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生參照已歸納的含有‘that定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句的表意模型導(dǎo)出含有‘which定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句的表意模型。”Tom typed a lengthy email on his laptop computer which was bought last September.”通過(guò)教師指引，學(xué)生嘗試把上述復(fù)合句分解為兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句.“Since ‘whichmay be referred to as an object. ‘whichin this case can be referred to his laptop computer. Therefore， Toms laptop computer was bought last September. Tom typed a lengthy email on his laptop computer.”教師再次引導(dǎo)學(xué)生架構(gòu)含‘which且該指代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句的表意模型。“The networking system of this textile exporting company which Gregory managed to construct crashed on Thursday evening. ‘whichis referred to as the networking system， so the complex sentence can be broken down into the following two. The networking system of this textile exporting company crashed on Thursday evening. Gregory managed to construct the networking system of this textile exporting company.”學(xué)生可進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證該指代詞在充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的擺放位置是否跟‘that 在充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的擺放位置一致。經(jīng)驗(yàn)證，該指代詞在充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)緊挨指代對(duì)象，其后句子成份向左與其連接成句。教師可將學(xué)生分組并布置研討任務(wù)，激勵(lì)她們延伸原有語(yǔ)法表意模型從而分析含有其它指代詞定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。例如，”Jonathan lives in a city where I spent my childhood years. Where does Mike live？ Mike lives at 183 Beach Avenue. Where did Claire see the nesting birds？ She saw the nesting birds in Tims backyard. At 183 Beach Avenue or in Tims backyard may be generalized as ‘a(chǎn)t/in a place. Therefore， where can be further constructed as ‘a(chǎn)t/in/on which with ‘whichbeing referred to as a location. Since where in this complex sentence may be constructed as‘in whichwith ‘which being referred to as a city， a specific location， it can be decomposed into the following two. The first one reads ‘Jonathan lives in a city. The second one reads‘I spent my childhood years in the city. Anther complex sentence built in reference to the module goes like this. This old fashioned dinner table where sparkling plates of roast potatoes were laid weighed about 50 kilograms. This complex sentence may be decomposed into two. ‘Sparkling plates of roast potatoes were laid on this old-fashioned dinner table. ‘This old-fashioned dinner table weighed about 50 kilograms. ‘whichis referred to as this old-fashioned dinner table. Where can be constructed as ‘on which.教師可在后續(xù)分組任務(wù)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生構(gòu)建更豐富的表意模型從而解讀內(nèi)含更多指代詞定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。例如， “Patricia remembered her time when she played hockey in Canada. When did Alice leave for the international airport？ She left for the airport at 8pm. When will Brian tour Americas west coast？ He will tour Americas west coast during his annual vacation. Therefore， when is referred to as ‘in/at/during whichwith ‘whichbeing referred to as a specific point of time or a specific duration of time. So the complex sentence with the‘when attributive clause may be decomposed into the following two. ‘Patricia remembered her time. ‘She played hockey in Canada during her time. ‘whichis referred to as her time and when is constructed as ‘during which. Using this model， two simple sentences below sharing a time frame may be compressed into one complex sentence with an attributive clause containing‘when. The holiday season lasted roughly four weeks. Lora celebrated the special occasion with her close relatives in the holiday season. If ‘whenis constructed as ‘in whichwith ‘whichbeing referred to as the holiday season. The above-mentioned two simple sentences may be condensed into one complex sentence with a ‘whenattributive clause in the following. ‘The holiday season when Lora celebrated the special occasion with her close relatives lasted roughly four weeks.總而言之，學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)在教師指導(dǎo)下，充分展現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的主體性、探究性和實(shí)踐性，學(xué)生能搜集和生成各類語(yǔ)法素材并提煉和歸納繁雜語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的一般規(guī)律。學(xué)生可建構(gòu)并拓展語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的表意模型。學(xué)生還可探索并界定語(yǔ)言體系內(nèi)各語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系。學(xué)生能使用表述模塊理解蘊(yùn)含語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的素材，能靈活生成語(yǔ)篇并展現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的意義和功能。教師應(yīng)在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中考慮不同小組的語(yǔ)言能力差異。對(duì)于二語(yǔ)習(xí)得水平較高的組別，教師可多布置一些探究型、研討型的任務(wù)，充分激發(fā)她們的理論研究潛能。對(duì)于二語(yǔ)習(xí)得水平較一般的組別，教師可多布置一些興趣型、實(shí)用型的任務(wù)，深入開(kāi)發(fā)她們的概念架構(gòu)能力和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用技巧。對(duì)于二語(yǔ)習(xí)得水平較弱的組別，教師可多布置一些基礎(chǔ)型、交叉型的任務(wù)，穩(wěn)步提升她們的二語(yǔ)習(xí)得水平和語(yǔ)言表述技能。[2～7]

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Bloomfield， L： Language. New York： Holt， Rinehart & Winston， 1993

[2]Ellis， R： Can Syntax Be Taught？ Applied Linguistics， 5， 2， 1984.

[3]Krashen， S： Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford： Pergamon Press， 1982.

[4]Nunan， D： The Learner-Centered Classroom. Cambridge： Cambridge University Press， 1988.

[5]郭曉英，郭洪，網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作自主學(xué)習(xí)模式研究， 《美中外語(yǔ)》， 2009

[6]江妮，“以教師為主導(dǎo)，以學(xué)生為主體”教學(xué)方式探討，《知識(shí)窗：教師版》，2010

[7]孫國(guó)林，“教師為主導(dǎo)、學(xué)生為主體”教學(xué)原則的理論依據(jù)，《內(nèi)蒙古教育》，2008