巧用上下文語境做好完形填空

孫嘉婧

摘要：完形填空是中高考常見的一種題型，這種題被專家稱為障礙性閱讀，也是中學(xué)生最為棘手的題型之一。它是由出題者在一篇語義連貫的文章中有目的地去掉一些詞語，形成空格，要求在給出的對(duì)應(yīng)的備選答案中選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?/p>

關(guān)鍵詞：完型 上下文語境

一 前言

完形填空既要求學(xué)生有較強(qiáng)的閱讀理解能力，又要有扎實(shí)的詞匯和文化知識(shí)積累，是一種全面考查考生語言運(yùn)用能力的題型。不同于單項(xiàng)選擇填空題，完形填空題所給的是一篇意思完整的短文，所選的答案處在整段或整篇文章之中，該題主要是考查考生在特定的語境中運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。[1]

完形填空實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種障礙性閱讀理解題。因此，在解題之前，先要把文章通讀一遍，對(duì)文章有個(gè)全面的了解，弄清其中心思想和大意，然后對(duì)留空的句子進(jìn)行分析，看它在該句中所處的位置和作用，再從所給的選項(xiàng)中找出要填寫什么詞，而這些詞的正確選擇可以利用上下文語境中的單詞或詞組線索，例如詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)等方法。

需要注意的是，上海高考對(duì)于完形填空的考察側(cè)重在詞匯部分，而非語法考察。在150分滿分的試卷中，完形填空為15分，占10%。

二 利用上下文語境判斷詞義的幾種方法

利用上下文語境來判斷詞義的主要方法有以下五個(gè)：下定義（definition）詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)（restatement），詞義對(duì)比（contrast）和總結(jié)（summary ）。

1.通過定義判斷詞義

這種方法較好辨認(rèn)，通常可由define，mean，refer或者定語從句作為線索進(jìn)行判斷。

例1.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the（58）_________ of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”.Expressive leadership，on the other hand，is leadership that emphasizes the joint wellbeing of a social groups members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing（60）__________ support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

（58） A.assignment B.introduction

C.completion D.division

這兩道題都是通過描述來給文中的兩個(gè)專有名詞下定義。58題可以通過后文中的get things done得出答案C.completion，表示任務(wù)的完成。60題則是通過劃線部分leader前的expressive得出這類領(lǐng)導(dǎo)比較善于表達(dá)，因此可以給組員提供情感類的支持。

例2.Society is an extended social group having a distinct cultural and economic organization.It is characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals.It is a group of individuals who（52）_________ a common system of customs，values and laws.

A.share B.invent

C.operate D.practice

本題答案需要對(duì)一類人下定義，通過上文劃線部分，我們可以得知在同一個(gè)社會(huì)中的一組人群是需要共享一個(gè)社會(huì)習(xí)俗、價(jià)值觀和法律的。因此選擇 A.share。

2.通過詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)或詞匯同義判斷詞義

詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)或者同義需要學(xué)生在閱讀文章的時(shí)候?qū)τ谝恍┏霈F(xiàn)不止一次的單詞尤為關(guān)注，也就是需要學(xué)生尋找上下文是否有相同或者相近意思的提示詞。[2]

例3.The survey about childhood in the Third World show that the struggle for survival is long and hard.But in the rich world，children can suffer from a different kind of poverty--- of the spirit.For instance，one Western country alone now sees 14，000 attempted suicides every year by children under 15 and one child in five needs psychiatric（心理） advice.

There are many good things about（53）________ in the Third world…….

A.childhood B.poverty

C.spirit D.spirit

本題通過上文首段中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的childhood，children，不難判斷除該題的正確答案A.childhood.

例4.Over the last 15 years，digital communication has brought in more changes than the printing press did in 1580.And those most likely use them in this word are teenagers，whose brains appear to have an extraordinary volume to adapt to the world around them，according to Dr Jay Gieed，a（n）（51）_________ expert

A.digital B.adolescent

C.surgical D.artificial

本段為全文的首段，也是大部分學(xué)生會(huì)非常認(rèn)真閱讀的段落。如果學(xué)生閱讀到劃線詞teenager的話，便不難得出第一題的答案B.adolescent。 雖然這一題不是嚴(yán)格意義上的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)，不過選項(xiàng)和文章中的提示詞為同義詞。

3.通過對(duì)比判斷詞義

詞義對(duì)比可以通過however，but，instead，rather than這類的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞作為線索，從而選出與上文或者下文意思相反的詞作為答案。

例5.If they showed little activity in their nucleus accumbens--- a brain region linked to every type of pleasurable experience--- they were actually less likely to give.But if there is a sharp（60）________ of activity in this reward area，they felt good and gave more.

A.edge B.rise

C.turn D.division

本題通過連詞But可知上下句的關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折，再看到上句的activity前的修飾詞little就能輕松得出答案B.rise

例6.But in most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to work in offices.（55）________，the child sees mother and father，relations and neighbours working nearly and often shares in that work.

A.Anyhow B.However

C.Instead D.Still

本文根據(jù)題目前后的go miles away和working nearby可以得知前后兩句的意思是相反，故選擇答案C.Instead。

例7.In school，for example，the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year.In the workplace，however，constant（56）_______ is the norm，and one has adapt quickly.

A.change B.reminder

C.prediction D.difficulty

本題根據(jù)連詞however和前一句中的the same，可以得出與the same意思相反的答案change.

4.通過總結(jié)判斷詞義

例8.Social interactions are now being（59）________ by technology—you could have hundreds of friends，all of whom are real people that you interact with and scientists arent sure whether well be able to develop the same skills using social media.A.changed B.controlled

C.troubled D.interrupted

本題破折號(hào)后的劃線句都在論述如今的交友互動(dòng)和以前有多么的不同，不論從交友的數(shù)量還是交友的方式。因此我們可以總結(jié)得出A.changed，句意為：如今的社會(huì)互動(dòng)方式已經(jīng)因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)而發(fā)生了很大的改變。

例9.（61）________ good behavior.Positive reinforcement can go a long way with children with autism，so make an effort to “catch them doing something good.” Praise them when they act appropriately or learn a new skill，…

A.Control B.Perform

C.Reward D.Maintain

本題可以根據(jù)后文的兩個(gè)劃線詞positive reinforcement和praise可以總結(jié)出答案為C.reward，譯為：當(dāng)遇到一些好的行為時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該提出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

三 總結(jié)

在英語閱讀時(shí)，我們不可避免地會(huì)遇到一些障礙，可以通過有線索有根據(jù)的詞義猜測(cè)來解決。只要我們掌握了正確的方法，尋找到上下文語境中的各種線索，就能夠輕而易舉的找到答案，并且能夠增加做題的正確率，得到事半功倍的效果。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]周燕 2015（4）.中小學(xué)教材教學(xué)

[2]藍(lán)裕勤 2014（2）.廣東教育（高中版）.