把握論證脈絡(luò) 抓住論點(diǎn)解題

劉月

A typical lion tamer （馴獸師） in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip （鞭） and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention， but its mostly for show. In reality， its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face， the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options， the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face， remember this： All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go， something you want to accomplish， someone you want to become …take immediate action. If youre clear about where you want to go， the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.

28. Why does the lion tamer use a chair？

A. To trick the lion.

B. To show off his skills.

C. To get ready for a fight.

D. To entertain the audience.

29. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair？

A. They feel puzzled over choices.

B. They hold on to the wrong things.

C. They find it hard to make changes.

D. They have to do something for show

30. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

31. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to .

A. wait for a better chance

B. break your old habits

C. make a quick decision

D. ask for clear guidance

這是2014年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷的一篇議論文閱讀理解真題。議論文常常首先借助某一現(xiàn)象引出論點(diǎn)，然后通過一系列論據(jù)從各個(gè)層面上加以推理或論證，最后得出結(jié)論或證明論點(diǎn)。其論證的常見結(jié)構(gòu)方式為：提出問題（Put forward a question）→分析問題（Analyze the question）→解決問題（Solve the question）。

議論文命題往往從對論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論的把握著手，考查同學(xué)們的推理判斷能力。因此，遇到議論文體時(shí)，應(yīng)采取抓主題段或主題句的方法快速把握文章主旨，弄清作者觀點(diǎn)。

如同獅子會(huì)被馴獸師椅子的四條腿所迷惑，你也常困惑于太多選擇而無法取得進(jìn)步。所以面對選擇，你應(yīng)專注一件事并立即行動(dòng)起來。

28. 題干 為什么馴獸師要用一把椅子？

解析 A。推理判斷題。本題圍繞文章中心論點(diǎn)提出疑問。

正確項(xiàng) 通過題干關(guān)鍵詞the lion tamer/use/a chair進(jìn)行尋讀，我們可在首段首句找到相似表達(dá)a typical lion tamer/holding/a chair，從而將答案快速鎖定在首段。再由首段第三、四句，當(dāng)馴獸師舉起椅子，獅子想同時(shí)看準(zhǔn)四個(gè)椅腿卻反而不知該如何做（when a lion tamer holds a chair /the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time/becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next）可知椅子的功能是為了讓獅子困惑。A項(xiàng)To trick the lion中的trick意為“欺騙”，與原文中的become confused and is unsure為近義表達(dá)，故 A項(xiàng)正確。

干擾項(xiàng) 易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)B項(xiàng)To show off his skills意為“炫耀技巧”，與原文中its mostly for show有相似詞匯show，但show的主語是the whip，故B項(xiàng)有誤。易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)D項(xiàng)To entertain the audience意為“娛樂觀眾”，與原文中a typical lion tamer … is an entertainer有相似詞匯entertain，但entertain的主語是a typical lion tamer，故D項(xiàng)有誤。這種混淆主語的方法是干擾項(xiàng)常用設(shè)置法之——張冠李戴。

29. 題干 人和面對椅子的獅子有何相似之處？

解析 A。推理判斷題。本題圍繞文章第一個(gè)論據(jù)提出疑問。

正確項(xiàng) 通過題干關(guān)鍵詞people/similar to a lion進(jìn)行尋讀，可在第二段首句找到相似表達(dá)find yourself in the same position as the lion，答案快速鎖定第二段。再由第二段末句，“想要有所成就的人面對選擇也會(huì)困惑而無法取得進(jìn)展（only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress）”，可知獅子與人共同點(diǎn)在于面對太多選擇往往會(huì)不知怎么做而無法取得進(jìn)展。A項(xiàng)They feel puzzled over choices意為“面對選擇他們會(huì)感到迷惑”，與原文中的end up confused by all of the options是近義表達(dá)，故A項(xiàng)正確。

干擾項(xiàng) 易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)C項(xiàng)They find it hard to make changes意為“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)作出改變很難”，與原文中的never make progress（無法取得進(jìn)展）看似很像但意思有區(qū)別。這種表達(dá)大部分與原文相似但在不易引人注意的地方換詞匯的方法屬于另一干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置法——偷梁換柱。

30. 題干 作者對于第三段中提到的專家持什么態(tài)度？

解析 B。觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。本題圍繞文章第二個(gè)論據(jù)提出疑問。

正確項(xiàng) 通過題干關(guān)鍵詞the authors attitude，he experts，Paragraph 3進(jìn)行尋讀，答案快速鎖定第三段。再由第三段第二句“這讓我無盡煩惱，因?yàn)楸M管專家們忙于辯論哪個(gè)選擇最好，但想提升生活質(zhì)量的人們依然困惑于相悖的信息（this upsets me to no end/all the experts are busy debating，people ... are left confused，all the conflicting information）”可知作者并不認(rèn)為專家能解決這個(gè)難題。B項(xiàng)Doubtful意為“懷疑的”，與原文中的this upsets me to no end，are left confused，all the conflicting information為近義表達(dá)，故B項(xiàng)正確。

干擾項(xiàng) 易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)C項(xiàng)Respectful意為“尊敬的”， 易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)D項(xiàng)Supportive意為“支持的”，都來自現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中人們通常對experts持有的態(tài)度，文章并沒有相關(guān)支持信息。這種給出文中沒有提及或暗示的生活常識或普遍觀點(diǎn)的做法屬于另一干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置法——無中生有。

31. 題干 當(dāng)世界“在你面前揮舞一把椅子”，建議你去 。

解析 C。推理判斷題。本題圍繞文章結(jié)論提出疑問。

正確項(xiàng) 通過題干關(guān)鍵詞when，the world，waving a chair in your face進(jìn)行尋讀，可在末段第二句找到相似表達(dá)Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face，答案快速鎖定末段。再由末段中“你需要做的就是專注于一件事并立即行動(dòng)起來（all you need to do is focus on one thing，get started，starting before you feel ready，take immediate action）”可知面對多種選擇立即行動(dòng)起來才是作者主張的做法。C項(xiàng)make a quick decision意為“迅速做出決定”，與原文中的take immediate action是近義表達(dá)，故C項(xiàng)正確。

干擾項(xiàng) 易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)B項(xiàng)break your old habits意為“打破舊習(xí)慣”，與原文中one of the habits of successful people有共同詞匯habits。易錯(cuò)干擾項(xiàng)D項(xiàng)ask for clear guidance意為“尋求清晰的指引”，與原文中的youre clear about where you want to go有相似詞匯clear，但選項(xiàng)與原文意思相差甚遠(yuǎn)。這種提及文中相似詞匯但曲解其意思的做法屬于另一干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置法——斷章取義。

1. 抓住主題段和主題句，理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)

一般來說，議論文的論點(diǎn)通常在文章首段被引出，接著是對這一論點(diǎn)的邏輯推理和論證，最后為結(jié)論。還應(yīng)注意的是：在對論點(diǎn)論證的過程中，每一段的主題句都通常是該段的首句或末句。把握全文論點(diǎn)、弄清各段的主題句、理解文章層次是理解議論文的關(guān)鍵。（如上文中的“文章結(jié)構(gòu)”分析）

2. 找到題目關(guān)鍵詞，快速定位答案位置

根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)所提供的關(guān)鍵詞跳讀文章，找到相關(guān)的句子或段落，然后進(jìn)行比較、分析乃至推理（尤其要注意同義轉(zhuǎn)換），從而找出正確答案的位置。（如上文中“正確項(xiàng)”的第一步）

3. 摸清正確項(xiàng)的命題規(guī)律

正確項(xiàng)往往是把文章中的內(nèi)容或信息用不同的語言形式再現(xiàn)出來，如選用與原文相似或相反意義的詞句，對原文中句子或段落的歸納或演繹等。（如上文中“正確項(xiàng)”最后一步）

4. 了解常見的干擾項(xiàng)的命題規(guī)律，排除陷阱

有些題目設(shè)置巧妙，直接確定正確選項(xiàng)很困難，這時(shí)就要排除干擾項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置方法常常是：

張冠李戴——混淆主語（如第28題B/D項(xiàng)）；

偷梁換柱——表達(dá)大部分與原文相似但在不易引人注意的地方換詞匯（如第29題C項(xiàng)）；

無中生有——給出文中沒有提及的生活常識或普遍觀點(diǎn)（如第30題C/D項(xiàng)）；

斷章取義——提到文中相似詞匯但曲解其意思（如31題B/D項(xiàng)）等。