米磊 劉懷勤 高宇



[摘 要] 目的:運用肌電圖儀評價錯牙合畸形患者正頜手術后咀嚼肌功能變化,了解患者術后咀嚼肌功能的變化規律。方法:選取我院2013年8月—2015年8月收治的31例接受正頜手術的錯牙合畸形患者納入觀察組,并選取同期30名正常牙合者納入對照組。運用肌電圖儀檢測靜息放松時、左右側方最大運動各咀嚼肌肌電位,以及正中緊咬時、最大開口、正中前伸、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位及不對稱指數,并分析觀察組患者術后咀嚼肌功能變化。結果:除靜息放松外,觀察組術前咀嚼肌肌電位低于對照組,且以緊咬、咀嚼時差異最為明顯(P<0.05);術后3個月時,觀察組患者部分咀嚼肌功能有所恢復,但緊咬、咀嚼時肌電位仍顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);術后6個月時,患者咀嚼肌功能較術前、術后3個月改善明顯差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:錯牙合畸形患者正頜手術后咬合及肌肉功能均逐漸增強,但功能未達正常水平。
[關鍵詞] 肌電圖儀;錯牙合畸形;正頜手術;咀嚼肌功能
中圖分類號:R 783.5 文獻標識碼:B 文章編號:2095-5200(2016)04-019-04
DOI:10.11876/mimt201604008
Application of electromyogram in evaluation of change of masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery MI Lei,LIU Huaiqin,GAO Yu. (Department of stomatology,The First Hospital of Yulin,Yulin 719000,China)
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the use of electromyogram in evaluation of change of masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery, for understanding of changes of postoperative masticatory muscle function. Methods: 31 patients with malocclusion undergoing orthognathic surgery in our hospital from August 2013 to August 2015 were included in the observation group, and 30 healthy people with normal occlusion were included in the control group. The electromyogram data was detected during rest position, centric clenching, mouth opening, protrusive movement, laterotrusive movement, potentials of the masticatory muscles when chewing and the asymmetric index of masticatory muscle, were used to analyze the masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery. Results: Except resting relaxation, potentials of masticatory muscles of observation group surgery is lower than that of the control group, and differences were statistically significant when clenching and chewing (P<0.05); 3 months after surgery, some masticatory muscle functions of patients in the observation group have been restored, but potentials of masticatory muscles were still significantly lower than those of the control group when clenching and chewing, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); at 6 months, masticatory muscle function of patients improved significantly compared with those of pre-operation and post-operative 3 months, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Occlusion and muscle function of malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery were gradually increased, but the function is less than the normal level.
[Key words] electromyogram;malocclusion;orthognathic surgery;masticatory muscle function
目前臨床常見的錯牙合畸形以骨性Ⅲ類畸形為主 [1]。正頜手術改善上下頜骨關系,恢復正常咬合關系[2]。通過肌電圖測定咀嚼肌功能是評價正頜手術治療效果的常用方案,但咀嚼肌功能變化是否會對咬合功能產生影響、會產生何種影響,目前臨床尚無定論[3]。為分析咀嚼肌功能變化,本文選取31例錯牙合畸形患者及30名正常牙合者進行了前瞻性對照研究,現將研究方法與結果總結如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取我院2013年8月—2015年8月收治的31例接受正頜手術的錯牙合畸形患者納入觀察組,31例患者均為骨性Ⅲ類錯牙合畸形,其中28例已接受術前正畸治療,3例直接行正頜手術治療。并選取同期30名正常牙合者,納入對照組,30名正常者面部對稱度良好,均未見畸形,開口度、開口型正常,顳下頜關節無疼痛或彈響,牙列完整且排列整齊,排除近1年內有拔牙史、牙體病史、牙周炎史、口腔黏膜病史、正畸治療史、面部肌病、神經病史者[4]。兩組性別、年齡等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本臨床研究經我院醫學倫理委員會批準,受試者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 檢測方法
檢測設備為M153635-Medelec Synergy二通道肌電圖誘發電位儀(英國Oxford公司),檢測方法:以75%乙醇消毒皮膚,囑受試者取息止頜位,即頭頸部放松端坐,自然分開上下牙,休息3~5 min后咬緊雙側后牙,安置電極,定位解剖標志,將電極膏涂于電極盤表面,使用膠布固定,記錄靜息放松、正中緊咬、最大開口、正中前伸、左右側方最大運動、咀嚼運動時肌電數據(對照組于入組時測定,觀察組于正頜手術前、術后3個月、術后6個月各測定1次)[5]。
1.3 評價指標及統計
肌電圖儀評價指標包括靜息放松時、左右側方最大運動各咀嚼肌肌電位,以及正中緊咬時、最大開口、正中前伸、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位及不對稱指數,不對稱指數=(左側肌電位-右側肌電位)/(左側肌電位+右側肌電位)×100%,取絕對值[6-7]。對本臨床研究的所有數據采用SPSS18.0進行分析,以P<0.05為有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 咀嚼肌肌電位
正頜手術前:靜息放松、前伸運動時,觀察組各咀嚼肌肌電位與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);正中緊咬、咀嚼運動時,其咀嚼肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);開口運動時,其兩側顳肌前束、右側咬肌、左側二腹肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);側方運動時,其兩側肌電位均顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。
術后3個月:正中緊咬時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,且肌不對稱指數顯著高于后者,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);開口運動時,觀察組僅右側顳肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);前伸運動時,其左側二腹肌肌電位仍顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);側方運動時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位與正頜手術前比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);咀嚼運動時,觀察組顳肌、咬肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。
術后6個月:正中緊咬時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位顯著高于正頜手術前、術后3個月,但仍低于對照組水平,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);開口運動、前伸運動時,多數咀嚼肌肌電位有所恢復,且與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);咀嚼運動時,咀嚼肌肌電位明顯改善,除右側二腹肌外,其他咀嚼肌肌電位與對照組比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
詳細數據見表1、表2、表3。
3 討論
正頜手術是恢復錯牙合畸形患者口頜系統形態與功能協調的首選方案,但由于正頜手術使顱面骨骼結構、肌肉附著關系發生突然改變,此時患者口頜系統咀嚼肌往往無法迅速適應該變化,功能重建過程可能受到一定影響[9]。自上世紀40年代起即有學者將肌電圖儀用于口腔醫學領域,作為一種客觀、定量反映肌肉神經系統技能狀態的設備,肌電圖儀為口頜系統形態與功能關系的研究、治療效果評價提供了便利、準確的手段[10]。 本研究結果顯示觀察組患者術前咀嚼肌肌電圖表現與對照組差異明顯,主要表現在下頜運動的正中緊咬、開口及咀嚼運動時,與過往研究一致[11-12],其原因考慮為:1)錯牙合畸形患者下頜體往往較長,這一解剖構造可導致下頜運動時咀嚼肌阻力臂增長,機械效能受到影響[13];
2)該類患者上下牙列協調性有限、咬合關系不理想,牙合接觸面積處于異常狀態,故緊咬、咀嚼運動時承受牙合力的牙位數偏少,受力牙周組織無法承受負荷時即可導致咀嚼肌收縮力反射性降低[14];3)多數患者后牙處于反牙合狀態且伴有尖窩關系異常,左側、右側運動時牙合受到明顯干擾,下頜運動受限;4)部分患者接受正畸治療,該治療方案對患者咀嚼肌功能亦存在一定影響,故患者咀嚼肌功能不及正常牙合者。
Ko等[15]認為咀嚼肌在頜骨的生長發育中扮演著重要角色。正頜手術后咀嚼肌在各類下頜運動中機械效率、協調性均有所提升[16],本研究患者術后3個月咀嚼肌肌電位較術前狀態有了一定程度的改善,但其咀嚼肌肌電位尚未恢復正常水平,主要由于術后短期內疼痛、麻木等感覺異常誘發肌肉收縮力量反射性減弱。此外,Takeshita等[17]指出,咀嚼肌對新牙合位置尚不適應、牙尖窩關系尚不精確亦可能是導致緊咬、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位不理想的原因之一。
本研究觀察組術后6個月咀嚼肌肌電位得到了進一步改善,但仍未達到正常水平,因此,在強調正頜手術的同時,應注重術后功能鍛煉,促進口頜系統功能的整體恢復與完善。
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