秸稈全量還田與氮肥用量對水稻產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用率及氮素?fù)p失的影響

張 剛， 王德建， 俞元春， 王 燦， 莊錦貴

(1 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)生物與環(huán)境學(xué)院， 南京 210037； 2 中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所， 南京 210008；3 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)南方現(xiàn)代林業(yè)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心， 南京 210037)

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秸稈全量還田與氮肥用量對水稻產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用率及氮素?fù)p失的影響

張 剛1,2,3， 王德建2， 俞元春1,3*， 王 燦2， 莊錦貴2

(1 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)生物與環(huán)境學(xué)院， 南京 210037； 2 中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所， 南京 210008；3 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)南方現(xiàn)代林業(yè)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心， 南京 210037)

秸稈還田； 氮肥用量； 氮肥利用率； 氮素?fù)p失率； 水稻產(chǎn)量

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)采用原狀模擬土柱，采集土柱的PVC管高度為100 cm，內(nèi)直徑為48 cm，采集土柱深度為85 cm，在每個(gè)土柱距表土80 cm深度安裝一側(cè)向滲漏水采集管，80 cm深度下置一石英沙盤，通過側(cè)向管控制原裝土柱的滲漏量，原狀土柱采集方法依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[13]。試驗(yàn)設(shè)置為裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，秸稈還田(S)為主處理，氮肥用量(N)為副處理，主處理為秸稈全量還田與不還田兩個(gè)處理，副處理設(shè)置5個(gè)N水平: 0、 120、 180、 240和300 kg/hm2，秸稈還田與施氮組合共8個(gè)處理，依次為N0、 N1、 N2、 N3、 SN1、 SN2、 SN3和SN4，3次重復(fù)，共24個(gè)模擬土柱。

氮肥40%做基施、 20%和40%分別做分蘗肥、 穗肥追施，磷鉀肥用量均為P 15 kg/hm2和K 90 kg/hm2，磷肥為過磷酸鈣，鉀肥為氯化鉀，均作為基肥一次施入。麥秸(5000 kg/hm2)經(jīng)切碎后(約0.5 cm)，隨耕地翻埋地下，麥秸有機(jī)碳含量為440.5 g/kg，全氮含量為4.02 g/kg，碳氮比為109.5。供試水稻品種為南粳46，水稻栽插密度為23穴/m2。

1.2測定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.2.2 水樣測定于水稻移栽后的第2天開始采集土柱底層淋溶水(80 cm)，施肥后每2天采集一次，平常每10 天采集1次，直至水稻收獲。所采水樣經(jīng)處理后放入冰箱中保存并盡快測定，分析總氮濃度，采用K2S2O8氧化—紫外分光比色法測定[14]。

1.2.3 植物樣測定水稻成熟后測產(chǎn)，籽粒產(chǎn)量以14%水分計(jì)。每個(gè)小區(qū)選取有代表性植株25株，分別測定籽粒、 秸稈全氮含量，測定方法采用H2SO4-混合加速劑-蒸餾法[14]。

1.2.4 土樣測定水稻收獲后，采集耕層土壤(0—15 cm)，風(fēng)干，粉碎過0.25 mm篩，采用凱氏定氮法測定土壤全氮含量[14]。

1.3計(jì)算方法及數(shù)據(jù)分析

以肥力差減法計(jì)算氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率、 氮肥表觀吸收率、 氮肥淋溶損失率、 氮肥氨揮發(fā)損失率、 氮肥土壤殘留率等[15-16]，其計(jì)算公式分別為:

氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(Grain kg/kg N)=(施氮區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量-對照區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量)/施氮量

氮肥表觀利用率(%)=(施氮區(qū)作物吸氮量-對照區(qū)作物吸氮量)/施氮量×100

氮肥氨揮發(fā)損失率(%)=(施氮區(qū)氨揮發(fā)量-對照區(qū)氨揮發(fā)量)/施氮量×100

氮肥淋溶損失率(%)=(施氮區(qū)氮素淋溶量-對照區(qū)氮素淋溶量)/施氮量×100

氮素耕層土壤殘留率(%)=(施氮區(qū)氮素殘留量-對照區(qū)氮素殘留量)/施氮量×100

根據(jù)氮的質(zhì)量守恒原理計(jì)算氮肥在整個(gè)水稻生育期的其他損失率和損失量，包括未監(jiān)測的土壤殘留(15—80 cm)、 徑流損失及N2、 N2O等氣體損失。

所有試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析采用Microsoft Excel 2010與SPSS軟件。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1秸稈還田配施氮肥對產(chǎn)量的影響

表1　秸稈還田配施氮肥對水稻產(chǎn)量的影響(g/soil column)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異顯著，括號(hào)內(nèi)不同字母表示相同施氮量下不同秸稈處理間差異顯著(LSD法檢驗(yàn)) Values followed by different letters are significantly different among N treatments at the 5% level, and different letters in brackets are significantly different between the S+N treatments and N treatments under the same N application rate according to LSD test.

在施用等量氮肥情況下，SN3和N3處理水稻產(chǎn)量差異顯著，SN2和N2處理、 SN1和N1處理差異均不顯著。相較單施氮肥處理，除2009年第一季水稻產(chǎn)量SN1處理低于N1處理外，秸稈還田配施氮肥處理水稻產(chǎn)量均高于單施氮肥處理，在N1、 N2和N3水平下，3年平均增產(chǎn)分別為6.7、 5.8和31.7 g/土柱，增產(chǎn)率分別為 3.5%、 2.5%和12.8%，平均增產(chǎn)率為6.3%，其中SN3 處理水稻產(chǎn)量增幅最高。

2.2秸稈還田配施氮肥對水稻氮素利用率的影響

表2　秸稈還田配施氮肥對水稻氮素利用率的影響(2011)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異顯著，括號(hào)內(nèi)不同字母表示相同施氮量下不同秸稈處理間差異顯著(LSD法檢驗(yàn)) Values followed by different letters are significantly different among the N treatments at the 5% level, and different letters in brackets are significantly different between the S+N treatments and N treatments under the same N application rate according to LSD test.

2.3秸稈還田配施氮肥對稻田氨揮發(fā)損失的影響

N0處理稻季氨揮發(fā)總損失量為2.04 kg/hm2，N1、 N2和N3處理分別為5.69、 7.04、 10.01 kg/hm2，不同施氮處理間差異顯著，并且苗期、 分蘗期和抽穗期不同施氮水平間氨揮發(fā)損失量差異顯著，氨揮發(fā)損失量均隨施氮量的增加而增加。在相同施氮水平下，SN3處理在苗期、 分蘗期和抽穗期的氨揮發(fā)損失量分別占氨揮發(fā)損失總量的35.0%、 47.3%和17.7%，其中苗期和分蘗期與N3處理差異顯著，抽穗期差異不顯著； SN3處理與N3處理氨揮發(fā)總損失量差異顯著，SN3處理氨揮發(fā)總損失量比N3處理增加了18.2%。

表3　秸稈還田配施氮肥水稻的氨揮發(fā)損失(kg/hm2， 2010)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異顯著(LSD法檢驗(yàn)) Values followed by different letters are significantly different among the N treatments at the 5% level according to LSD test.

2.4秸稈還田配施氮肥對稻田氮素淋溶損失的影響

表4　秸稈還田配施氮肥水稻氮肥的淋溶損失(20092011)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異顯著，括號(hào)內(nèi)不同字母表示相同施氮量下不同秸稈處理間差異顯著(LSD法檢驗(yàn)) Values followed by different letters are significantly different among N treatments at the 5% level， and different letters in brackets are significantly different between the S+N treatments and N treatments under the same N application rate according to LSD test.

在相同施氮水平下，秸稈還田配施氮肥處理和單施氮肥處理的氮肥淋溶損失年度變化趨勢不一致，2009年SN1和SN2處理氮肥淋溶量分別小于N1和N2處理，SN3處理高于N3處理，2010年SN1、 SN2和SN3處理氮肥淋溶量均小于單施氮肥處理，2011年SN1和SN2處理氮肥淋溶量分別高于N1和N2處理，SN3處理低于N3處理。本試驗(yàn)中3年平均氮肥淋溶量顯示，秸稈還田配施氮肥處理和單施氮肥處理沒有顯著性差異，其中SN1和SN2處理氮肥淋溶量高于N1和N2處理，平均增加14.5%的氮肥淋溶損失； SN3處理氮肥淋溶量低于N3處理，減少30.9%的氮肥淋溶損失。

2.5秸稈還田配施氮肥對氮肥土壤殘留量的影響

試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行3年后，于2011年水稻收獲后采集耕層土壤(0—15 cm)并分析其全氮?dú)埩袅俊D1表明，當(dāng)施氮量為120、 180和240 kg/hm2時(shí)，氮肥在土壤的殘留量分別為28.9、 37.3和49.5 kg/hm2，呈明顯的增加趨勢； 而相對應(yīng)的氮肥在土壤中的殘留率分別為24.1%、 20.7%和20.6%，呈下降趨勢。由此可見，氮肥在土壤中的殘留量受施氮量的控制，隨施氮量的增加而增加，而殘留率隨施氮量的增加而降低。秸稈還田配施氮肥處理下土壤氮肥殘留變化規(guī)律與單施氮肥變化規(guī)律基本一致(圖1)。

圖1　氮肥在0—15 cm土壤中的殘留Fig.1　Fertilizer N residual in 0-15 cm soil of rice field under different treatments

在相同施氮水平下，氮肥在土壤中的殘留量表現(xiàn)為秸稈還田配施氮肥處理大于單施氮肥處理，SN1、 SN2、 SN3處理較N1、 N2、 N3處理殘留量分別增加8.4、 11.0、 10.1 kg/hm2，平均增加9.8 kg/hm2，殘留率分別增加7.0、 6.2、 4.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，平均增加5.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，這表明秸稈還田可以加強(qiáng)土壤對氮肥的持留，增加土壤的含氮量，提高氮肥在土壤中的殘留率。

2.6秸稈還田配施氮肥對稻田氮肥總損失量的影響

本試驗(yàn)中氮肥的總損失量包括徑流損失氮、 淋溶損失氮、 氣態(tài)損失氮以及15—80 cm土層的殘留氮，因本試驗(yàn)中沒有監(jiān)測15—80 cm土層的殘留氮、 徑流損失氮以及N2、 N2O等氣體損失。因此，采用氮素守恒法計(jì)算不同處理的氮肥總損失量和總損失率(表5)。

表5　不同處理氮肥總損失量和損失率(2011)

3　討論

通過上述研究結(jié)果表明，秸稈全量還田下配施氮肥可以提高水稻產(chǎn)量、 氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率、 氮肥表觀利用率，降低氮肥的總損失率。因此，在本試驗(yàn)條件下，綜合考慮水稻產(chǎn)量、 氮肥利用率、 氮肥損失率及氮肥土壤殘留狀況，麥秸全量還田下配施N 240 kg/hm2是稻麥輪作地區(qū)兼顧水稻產(chǎn)量、 土壤肥力保持、 環(huán)境安全等方面的合理耕作措施，值得借鑒與推廣。有關(guān)秸稈還田的殘效功能對下季作物的產(chǎn)量及氮肥用量的影響，有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

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Effects of straw incorporation plus nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss

ZHANG Gang1,2,3, WANG De-jian2, YU Yuan-chun1,3*, WANG Can2， ZHUANG Jin-gui2

(1CollegeofBiologyandtheEnvironment,NanjingForestryUniversity,Nanjing210037,China;2InstituteofSoilScience,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing210008,China;3Co-InnovationCenterfortheSustainableForestryinSouthernChina,NanjingForestryUniversity,Nanjing210037,China)

【Objectives】 Exploration of the theory and technology of N application along with total straw incorporation has great significance for raising rice yield and N use efficiency, alleviating nitrogen pollution in rice production in China.【Methods】 A split plot field experiment was conducted using monolith lysimeter with a local rice Nanjing 46 as material in Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station, Jiangsu Province, China from 2009 to 2011. The main plot was total wheat straw incorporation (S) and no straw incorporation (S0); the sub-plots were four N rates: 120 kg/hm2(N1), 180 kg/hm2(N2), 240 kg/hm2(N3) and 300 kg/hm2(N4), with no N application as control (CK). The amount of ammonia volatilization, total N contents in leachate and soil, the N contents in straw in different growth periods and grains were determined, the rice yields were investigated.【Results】 The rice yield was increased with the increasing of N application rate. Compared with no straw incorporation treatments, the average rice yields of S+N treatments were increased by 6.3%, and the highest yield was obtained in SN3 treatment. N use efficiencies were declined with the increasing of N rates in rice reason, which could be enhanced by straw incorporation. Agronomic N efficiency and N apparent recovery in S+N treatments were all higher than those of N treatments by 1.4-3.4 kg/kg and 1.8%-4.2% respectively. With the increasing of N application rate, the amount of N residual, ammonia volatilization and N leaching in paddy field increased. Compared with no straw incorporation, the amount of ammonia volatilization and N residual in paddy field with straw incorporation was increased by 18.2% and 10.1 kg/hm2respectively at N application rate of 240 kg/hm2, and the N leaching and total N loss were reduced by 30.9% and 6.0% respectively.【Conclusions】 Under the straw completely incorporation, optimum N application rate could increase the N efficiency and rice yield, reduce the total N loss. In this research, the wheat straw incorporation with N application of 240 kg/hm2is the optimal mode.

straw incorporation; nitrogen application rate; nitrogen use efficiency; nitrogen loss; rice yield

2015-04-17接受日期: 2015-07-22網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期： 2016-05-23

江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新資金項(xiàng)目“區(qū)域秸稈全量利用關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與項(xiàng)目推廣”[CX(12)1002] ； “十二五”國家科技支撐資助項(xiàng)目(2012BAJ24B06)； 國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31270664)； 江蘇省普通高校研究生科研創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(KYLX15_09)資助。

張剛(1980—)， 男， 山東新泰人， 博士， 助理研究員， 主要從事土壤、 農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境方面的研究。E-mail: gzhang@issas.ac.cn

E-mail: ycyu@njfu.edu.cn

S511.062.01

A

1008-505X(2016)04-0877-09