謝昕呈
舉例在托福獨立寫作中扮演著非常重要的角色,這在最新版《托福考試官方指南》的滿分評分標準中有著明確且充分的體現:“Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”其中exemplifications正是“舉例”或“例證”之意。另外,details也即“細節”,而細節通常體現在具體的例子當中。這一點進一步說明了舉例的重要性。舉例不僅使文章真實可信、生動有趣,也會使內容更充實飽滿。因此,備戰托福的考生應當在平時有意識、有針對性地練習舉例的思路,并熟練掌握如何用地道、多樣的英語表達將這些例子引出來。其中,后者是筆者在本文談論的重點,即如何利用表舉例的詞匯引出所要舉的例子。筆者根據自己長期的教學實踐,為大家總結出五類表舉例的詞匯,再結合舉例的兩種方法(描述現象與敘述故事),將這五類表舉例的詞匯細分為兩大類。下面我們來具體分析。
描述現象用到的表舉例的詞匯
首先,我們來討論在描述現象時考生可能會用到哪些表舉例的詞匯。描述現象就是羅列客觀存在的事實,寫出經常出現在日常生活中人們熟知的普遍現象,適合它的表舉例的詞匯一般有三組。下面來逐一介紹。
1. such as/like
用such as或like來舉例,是廣大考生比較熟悉的,但是在使用時需要注意以下三點。
①Such as比like正式,在正式場合考生應盡量使用such as。
②在包含such as與like的句式中,such as與like之前的內容應是籠統的概念,其后所跟的是含細節的具體例子,比如在“Expert guidance such as help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation”(專業指導,比如給予備課經驗和恰當的上課方法的幫助)中,expert guidance就是籠統的概念,而“help with … lesson implementation”就是含細節的具體例子。
③Like與such as中的as都是介詞,其后應跟名詞或動詞的-ing形式,例如:Activities such as rock climbing, bungee jumping and parachuting are extreme sports. (像攀巖、蹦極、跳傘這樣的活動都是極限運動。)
2. include與“range from … to …”
根據筆者的教學經驗,很多考生都沒有掌握include與“range from … to …”這兩種引入例子的表達,特別是“range from … to …”。使用include與“range from … to …”,考生需要注意以下兩點。
①在舉例時,include與“range from … to …”可用一般現在時形式,也可用現在分詞形式,考生可參考下文例句。
②“range from … to …”囊括的舉例范疇可以很廣。比如ranging from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation (從備課經驗到恰當的上課方法),雖然例子中只出現了兩種情況,但該用法表明可能還包括如何對付調皮的學生、如何與學生家長配合讓學生的學習效率最大化等方面。考生一定要有意識地學習并使用像“range from … to …”這類更加高級的表達方式,而不是停留在自己已經熟知的套路上。
3. for example/for instance
提到表舉例的詞匯,相信大部分考生都會第一時間想到for example或for instance,甚至有些考生的一篇獨立寫作中會出現四五個for example,因為在托福獨立寫作中會有多個地方用到舉例。從常理來說,這樣會讓評分人產生“審美疲勞”,而且也讓人覺得考生的英語詞匯不夠豐富。《托福考試官方指南》要求考生在獨立寫作中體現syntactic variety (句法多樣性)。鑒于此,筆者建議考生在考試中少使用for example或for instance。但如果要用這兩種表達的話,需要注意:盡量將for example/for instance寫成插入語,這樣可以增加句法多樣性。For example/for instance一般可插入到一個句子的主語與謂語之間。
為了使考生能更加直觀地體會這類表舉例的詞匯的用法,筆者以TPO 26托福獨立寫作題目“孩子們選擇與父母相同的工作比選擇與父母不同的工作要好”為例,為考生舉例說明。
例 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents jobs.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
解析:對于這道題目,考生根據自己的想法做選擇即可,可以選擇agree,也可選擇disagree,舉例方法大同小異,筆者在此只討論agree的情況。考生可以假設孩子與父母一樣都選擇教師這個職業,并提出可以從父母的工作經驗中獲得“備課經驗與恰當的上課方法”。這是一個客觀存在的事實,即描述現象。下面我們來看在描述這一現象時如何運用上文提到的舉例詞匯來舉例。
參考例句(such as與like):
①Expert guidance such as help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation may benefit children who are planning to become teachers.
②Children are able to acquire expert guidance from their parents, like course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
參考例句(include與“range from … to …”):
①The expert guidance that children will receive from their parents includes course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
②Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, including course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
③Expert guidance which children will receive from their parents ranges from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
④Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, ranging from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
參考例句(for example與for instance):
①Take, for example, expert guidance from their parents. Through discussions with their parents about problems and confusion concerning teaching, children are able to obtain help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.
②Parents who are teachers, for instance, can give their children expert guidance on how to prepare courses and how to give lessons according to appropriate teaching methodology.
敘述故事用到的表舉例的詞匯
敘述故事就是描述真實發生的事件,這些事件可以是發生在其他人身上的,也可以是發生在自己身上的。敘述故事時用到的表舉例的詞匯有很多,在此僅討論相對“高端”的illustrate/exemplify和deserve a special mention。
1. illustrate/exemplify
根據筆者的教學經驗,illustrate與exemplify這兩個詞是大多數考生不太熟悉的,如果能將它們用好,必定會使文章增色不少。這兩個詞通常用來引出一個真實發生的事件,使用時需要注意以下三點。
①Illustrate與exemplify是同義詞,都是及物動詞,其賓語都是表觀點的詞,比如point等。
②為了體現句法多樣性,在常用的“illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of … ” 表達中,可用by來替換with,可用the example of與the story about等表達來替換the case of,但要注意它們所用介詞的不同。
③Exemplify可能會被考生拼錯,寫成examplify。它與example不同,是以exe-開頭的,而不是exa-。偶爾的拼寫錯誤無傷大雅,但是較多的拼寫錯誤很有可能導致失分。
2. deserve a special mention
Deserve a special mention這個表達通常也用來引出一個真實發生的事件,使用時需要注意以下三點。
①在deserve a special mention中,冠詞a可以省略,寫成deserve special mention。
②為了體現句法多樣性,在句型“When it comes to … , … deserve(s) a special mention”中,“when it comes to …”可用“speaking of …”來替換。另外在該句式中,考生要注意根據主句主語的單復數形式變換deserve的形式。
③還可以用“The case of …/The example of …/The story about … deserves a special mention”這個句式引出例子。需要提醒考生注意的是由于該句式中的主語是第三人稱單數,因此deserve要相應變成第三人稱單數形式。
為了使考生能更加直觀地體會這類表舉例的詞匯的用法,現以TPO16的托福獨立寫作題目“最佳的旅行方式是跟隨有導游的旅游團”為例,為考生舉例說明。
例 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
解析:對于這道題目,考生可以選擇disagree,也可選擇agree,舉例方法大同小異,筆者在此只討論disagree的情況。關于為何不同意,考生可以給出類似“導游會把游客帶到商品價格極高的紀念品店”這樣的理由,例子可舉自己的親身經歷或親友的經歷,這些例證通常都是真實發生的事件,屬于敘述故事。下面來看例句。
參考例句(illustrate/exemplify):Tourists are likely to be taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive. I will illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of my cousin Joseph, who went on a guided tour to France with a group of approximately 20 people last year. When they had finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a nearby souvenir store. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was far too expensive.
當然,關鍵詞illustrate/exemplify所在的句子也可以選擇被動語態,寫成:This point can be illustrated/exemplified with the case of my cousin Joseph.
參考例句(deserve a special mention):When it comes to being taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive, my cousin Joseph deserves a special mention. Last year he went on a guided tour to France with a group of approximately 20 people. When they had finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was far too expensive.