魏東+馬中豪+陳清石



摘要:鄂爾多斯盆地渭北隆起蘊藏著豐富的煤、油頁巖、石油、鈾等能源礦產,多種能源礦產共存與構造特征關系、多種能源礦產協同勘探已成為地學界研究的熱點課題。在分析總結多種能源礦產時空分布規律及成因聯系的基礎上,以構造演化特征為主線,重點探討了構造運動期次、沉積建造、構造單元特征、褶皺構造與多種能源礦產的關系。結果表明:渭北隆起印支期—燕山早期的成盆-差異升降運動形成了本區穩定的深湖—半深湖相含油頁巖與不穩定的沼澤相含煤沉積建造組合;燕山中晚期的構造熱事件促使油頁巖成熟生烴、煤級升高;燕山期—喜山期的斷裂、褶皺構造為油氣和富鈾低溫油水熱液運移和成藏提供了通道和富集成礦(藏)的場所;喜山期的抬升冷卻和南緣斷陷作用使得多種能源礦產共存富集得到了最終保存定位,且統一成礦年齡集中在74~122 Ma,稍晚于燕山中晚期的構造熱事件。綜合考慮地質、經濟和技術因素,將彬旬凹陷成礦區劃分為4個協同勘探區,并建立了合理的勘探模式。
關鍵詞:能源礦產;共存富集;構造演化;沉積建造;構造熱事件;協同勘探;渭北隆起;鄂爾多斯盆地
中圖分類號:P618;TE122 文獻標志碼:A
Abstract: Weibei uplift in Ordos Basin is rich in coal, oil shale, oil, uranium and other energy minerals, the relationship between the coexistence of multiple energy minerals and the structural characteristics, and the co-exploration of multiple energy minerals are hot topics. On the basis of analyzing and summarizing the spatial distribution and genetic relationship of multiple energy minerals, the relationship between period of tectonic movement, sedimentary formation, characteristics of tectonic unit, fold structure and multiple energy minerals were discussed according to the characteristics of tectonic evolution. The results show that the basin formation-differential uplift in Indosinian-Early Yanshanian forms the stable deep and semi-deep lacustrine facies containing oil shale and the unstable swamp facies containing coal sedimentary formation in Weibei uplift; the tectonic thermal events in Middle-Late Yanshanian cause the oil shale hydrocarbon generation and coal quality improved; the fault and fold structure in Yanshanian-Himalayan Period provide the channel and interspace for the migration and accumulation of petroleum and hydrothermal solution containing oil water with low temperature and rich uranium; rising-cooling and the southern rift in Himalayan Period keep the coexistence and accumulation of multiple energy minerals, and the unified metallogenic ages are 74-122 Ma, which are later than the tectonic thermal events in Middle-Late Yanshanian. Finally, based on the geological, economic and technical factors, the metallogenic provinces of Binxun depression were divided into 4 co-exploration areas, and the corresponding reasonable exploration models were built.
Key words: energy mineral; coexistence and accumulation; tectonic evolution; sedimentary formation; tectonic thermal event; co-exploration; Weibei uplift; Ordos Basin
0 引 言
渭北隆起大地構造位置處于鄂爾多斯盆地西南部NE—SW向構造帶上,自北向南由彬旬凹陷、北緣撓褶帶、銅川斷褶帶組成,區內石油、油頁巖、煤、砂巖型鈾礦等能源礦產共存富集。長期以來,盆地構造演化與多種能源礦產共存關系的研究一直是地學界十分引人關注的課題,正在逐漸成為國家重大基礎專項研究和亟待解決的科學問題[1-3]。近年來,渭北隆起雖然在油氣、煤、鈾、油頁巖等單一礦種的成礦規律、成礦條件和富集機理等方面的研究取得了較大進展,但遺憾的是多年來各類礦產由多部門獨立勘探開發和研究,對于多種能源礦產的整合研究和協同勘探開發則較為薄弱,對于多種能源礦產共存與構造演化的關系研究需要更加深入。渭北隆起彬縣—銅川地區勘探歷史久遠,資料豐富,特別是近十年來本區油頁巖、砂巖型鈾礦的整裝勘查和綜合研究成果顯著,新發現了較多的油頁巖、鈾、煤、石油礦產地,這一地區正在成為探索研究渭北隆起多種能源礦產共存與構造演化及其耦合成礦效應的理想基地。本文分析總結了多種能源礦產時空分布規律及成因聯系,以構造演化特征為主線,重點探討了構造演化與沉積建造、構造熱事件與多種能源礦產、褶皺構造與油鈾成礦(藏)的關系,進而劃分了4個協同勘探區,并建立了合理的勘探模式。