把握寫作意圖，理清觀點態度

籍萬杰

每一篇文章作者都有自己的寫作目的，且在寫作中通過文字傳達自己的看法。對此，高考閱讀理解設計的題目就是寫作意圖、觀點和態度題。該類題目屬于主觀性較強的深層次閱讀理解題，要求考生在復雜的語境條件下把握作者的思路，探尋作者隱藏的思想及真正的寫作意圖。

[題型特點與設題方式]

作者的寫作意圖、觀點和態度滲透在文章的字里行間，有時可能比較明顯，有時則可能比較含蓄、隱晦，需要仔細揣摩才能得出。常見的提問方式有：

1. Whats the writers /authors attitude towards ...？

2. The writer/author tries to tell us .

3. The writers/authors tone would be best described as .

4. What is the main purpose of the passage？

5. What is the authors opinion on ...？

6. Which of the following words can best describe the authors feeling in writing this passage？

寫作意圖和觀點、態度題主要考查考生根據文章內容推測作者的寫作意圖和情感傾向的能力。考生要想把握作者的寫作意圖，就應當結合文章的體裁，關注主題句，全面理解文章的內容及中心思想。

作者的情感傾向往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾性的詞語之中。因此，考生在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，描寫環境氣氛的語言以及表達作者情感、態度或觀點的詞語，結合相關背景知識進行推理。

結合案例，我們來看看寫作意圖題和觀點態度題的解題技巧：

1. 寫作意圖題

該題型要求考生根據文章的論述，推測作者的寫作意圖或運用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實和形象，使讀者自發地信服某種想法或意見。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的內容，同時還要知悉作者的寫作手法，具備對作者闡述的問題的分析、歸納和總結的能力。

例1 （2015重慶卷） In ancient Egypt， a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead， with more tactics （策略）.

One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example， stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food （垃圾食品） later in their trip. In department stores， the womens shoe section is generally next to the womens cosmetics （化妝品） section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe， bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.

Besides， businesses seek to appeal to customers senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping， so they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods， too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played， sales of French wines went up.

When it comes to the selling of houses， businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door， and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house， the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows， and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.

43. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.

B. To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.

C. To report researches on customer behavior.

D. To show dishonest business practices.

解析 A。作者寫作意圖題。本文是一篇說明文，文章的第一段就點明了主題。文章主要介紹的是商家是通過哪些手段把人們變成顧客的。因此選擇A項。文中雖然提到了古埃及，但并不是介紹商品是如何從過去發展而來的，因此B項不對；文章主要聚焦在商家的一些做法上，因此C項有誤；D項的dishonest一詞與全文的基調不一致，文章只是客觀介紹，并沒有表明或者暗示商家不誠實。

點撥 不同體裁的文章的寫作目的不同。故事類記敘文的目的通常是娛樂讀者（to entertain）；廣告類應用文的目的一般是推銷產品或服務（to persuade）；議論文的目的是要闡述論點（to argue）；科普、文化類說明文的目的大多是介紹知識，幫助大家廣聞博見（to inform）。

2. 觀點態度題

所謂作者的觀點和態度，就是表達作者對某個話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點和態度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀，客觀、中立，反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。例如：

積極/肯定 approving贊許的，optimistic樂觀的，sympathetic同情的，positive積極的，enthusiastic熱烈的，有積極性的，favorable贊成的、有利的，supportive支持的；

消極/否定 negative否定的、消極的、反面的，pessimistic悲觀的，critical持批評態度的，depressing令人沮喪的，disappointing令人失望的，doubtful懷疑的，opposing反對的，scared驚恐的，panick恐慌，suspicious懷疑的，disapproval不贊成；

中性 objective客觀的，neutral中立的，reserved有保留的，impartial公平的、不偏不倚的；

其他 amazed驚奇的，puzzled迷惑的，ambiguous模棱兩可的，indifferent漠不關心的，subjective主觀的，arbitrary武斷的，cautiously謹慎地，radical激進的。

解題時應注意：

1. 理解文章，合理推斷，切不可憑借以往的經驗妄下判斷。

2. 找文中帶有感情色彩的名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞，根據作者用詞的褒貶來判斷作者的態度。文章中有時會出現帶有感情色彩的詞語，根據這些詞語往往能夠推斷出作者的觀點或態度。一般來講，如果文中出現的褒義詞比較多，那么作者的觀點或態度往往是正面或積極的；如果文中出現的貶義詞較多，那么作者的觀點或態度往往是負面或消極的；如果文中沒有出現多少表示褒貶的詞語，通篇使用的都是中性詞匯，那么作者的觀點或態度往往就是中立的。

3. 根據作者舉的例子判斷。作者在文章中常會通過舉例來論證觀點，因此結合例子的內容往往可以推斷出作者所持的觀點或態度。

例2 （2015北京卷） Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life， mostly for the better. However， social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys （調查） on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

However， greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

In the context （背景） of this discussion， it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently， would this have been possible？ Probably not. On the other hand， does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago？ Many studies show that older parents—todays grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

Furthermore， studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new； nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad； it is a fact of college life， today and in the past.

Thanks to the advanced technology， we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

68. The writer believes that .

A. parents today are more protective than those in the past

B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

C. technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

D. parents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence

解析 C。文章第一段就點出了全文的主旨：科技帶來的社會變化往往被誤解為人們態度的變化。在第三段中作者指出調查的結果并不一定表明家長對孩子不放手，在接下來的一段作者論述了出現這種結果的一個原因是科技的發展讓父母對子女生活的介入更方便了。最后一段再次強調了科技在父母更多地參與子女生活上所起的作用，故C項正確。

點撥 考生在解答作者觀點、態度及寫作意圖題時往往易犯主觀臆斷、憑空想象、隨意揣測、以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點等方面的錯誤。為避免以上情形，我們應該明了：

1. 對于新聞報道，作者往往持中立態度。而對于議論文，作者的態度要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的選項往往是錯誤的。同時，絕對化或感情過于強烈的表達也應排除；

2. 要注意區分考查的是作者的態度還是作者引用的別人的觀點；

3. 當作者的態度沒有明確提出時，要學會根據作者在文章中所運用的具有褒貶含義的詞語來判斷作者的態度；

4. 注意辨認哪些是事實，哪些是觀點，在此基礎上將上下文聯系起來分析，最后確認文章所陳述的內容中到底哪些代表了作者的觀點。