環境工效綜合影響因素及機理研究

林燕丹　艾劍良　王瑋　董孟迪　邱婧婧

摘要：本研究前期通過對波音、空客全系列駕駛艙設計進行文獻調研和在空客、波音實際駕艙內的進行實地飛行調研和測量，提取了可能影響飛行員視覺工效的關鍵環境因素，針對調研結果設立了實驗目標。同時，建立駕駛艙照明三維沉浸式半物理仿真平臺評估系統，用以評估機艙照明狀況。在這一實驗平臺的基礎上，設計與開展一系列的視覺工效學實驗，獲得在多個環境參數變化下，駕駛艙內視覺疲勞、作業績效及對視覺信息獲得的準確程度隨參數變化的實驗數據庫，建立基于關鍵環境因素變化的視覺舒適、視覺疲勞和作業績效的評估模型。 在前期研究成果基礎上，本研究在上一年度進一步完善實驗平臺，搭建駕駛艙簡易模型，編寫駕駛艙照明環境視覺工效試驗軟件作為工效學實驗研究的工具，同時在白天和黑夜場景下開展了一系列多角度駕駛艙光照環境和多眼位眩光試驗。 本課題組匯總了前期開展的13項駕駛艙視覺工效學研究，總結了色溫、眩光源亮度、眩光源視場角、眩光源立體角、目標周圍背景亮度、目標類型、目標亮度、目標顏色、目標視張角、目標振動方向、目標振動頻率、目標振動振幅、目標位置、觀察距離 、頻閃、亮度階躍、環境光類型、環境亮度和實驗時段各因素對被試主觀評價、視覺作業績效和反應時的影響程度。在此基礎上構建駕駛艙環境評估模型，總共分為安全告警、探測反應和舒適偏好三個子模塊，安全告警模塊主要包含非視覺生理安全、眩光安全和信息可讀性等。在安全告警模塊中將提出安全范圍的區間。探測反應模塊主要是考察速率-準確率這一變量，它受到亮度對比度、座艙人工照明背景亮度、立體角度等因素的影響。此模塊將建立速率-準確率與影響因素函數模型，并引入外界眩光源、惡劣天氣條件光參數、飛機振動等控制變量。舒適偏好模塊主要受照度、色溫、眩光源和噪音等因素影響。駕駛艙環境評估模型的構建將分別以各子模塊為因變量建立子模型，同時以總體評分為因變量建立總模型。

關鍵詞：環境工效；振動；眩光；視覺績效；舒適性

Abstract：The previous study reviewed the cockpit design of All Boeing and Airbus airplane by literature research and field measurements. It extracted key environmental factors that could affect the pilots visual ergonomics. Based on the survey results， the experiment goals had been setup. Meanwhile， a three-dimensional immersive cockpit lighting semi-physical simulation platform evaluation system has been established to assess the cabin lighting conditions. Based on this experimental platform， we designed and carried out a series of visual ergonomics experiments， obtained data including visual fatigue in the cockpit， the operating performance， the accuracy of the visual information to establish the evaluation model of visual comfort， visual fatigue and job performance according to the key environmental factors. Based on the preliminary findings， this year we improved the experimental platform including building a simple model of the cockpit， programming a cockpit lighting environment visual ergonomics software. The effects of vibration on visual performance had been investigated in the experiment. And a series of multi-angle cockpit lighting conditions and multiple eye position glare experiments in the daytime and night scenes had been carried out. We summarized the 13 cockpit visual ergonomics studies we have conducted， extracting the key factors including the color temperature， the field angle of the glare source， the solid angle of the glare source. And their effects on visual task performance reaction time were also examined. Based on these results， a cockpit environmental assessment model was built. It was divided into three sub-modules： security alarm， detection reaction and comfort preferences. The security alarm module consists mainly of non-visual physiological safety， security and information glare legibility. In this sub-model， a safety zone range was proposed. Detection module is to investigate the variable of rate- accuracy. It was affected by brightness， contrast， background luminance of cockpit artificial lighting and other factors. This module would establish a function model of rates - accuracy and introduced factors of outside the glare source， optical parameters harsh adverse weather condition， aircraft vibration control variables. Comfort preferences module is mainly affected by factors illuminance， color temperature， glare and noise sources. The cockpit environmental assessment model would include the three sub- modules.

Keywords：Environmental Ergonomics； Vibration； Glare； Visual performance； Comfort