現(xiàn)代海洋極端環(huán)境微生物的地質(zhì)作用及其分子和同位素響應(yīng)年度報(bào)告

王風(fēng)平　彭方　黃英　湯凱

摘 要：圍繞現(xiàn)代海洋極端環(huán)境條件下微生物分布特征和環(huán)境因子相互關(guān)系的研究在前期工作積累的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了更深入的分析，通過(guò)對(duì)北極冰川前沿和西南印度洋深海微生物資源的調(diào)查，初步了解了微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性及微生物的部分生態(tài)功能，為探索地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的微生物生命過(guò)程提供了良好的資源；發(fā)現(xiàn)西南印度洋深海微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)與鈣、磷、硫等元素具有相關(guān)性，為揭示深海微生物的地球化學(xué)循環(huán)創(chuàng)造了條件；對(duì)深海環(huán)境鐵還原菌的研究對(duì)探討古海洋環(huán)境與生命的協(xié)同演化具有重要意義。開(kāi)展了微生物對(duì)模擬環(huán)境條件如海洋酸化及火山爆發(fā)等地球歷史時(shí)期的重大地質(zhì)突變事件為背景，在現(xiàn)代海洋環(huán)境中進(jìn)行了一系列的模擬研究，針對(duì)目前研究相對(duì)薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)，重點(diǎn)研究了海洋酸化及火山灰添加對(duì)浮游異養(yǎng)細(xì)菌的影響，初步揭示了浮游細(xì)菌對(duì)大氣CO2升高及火山爆發(fā)事件的反饋，完善了地質(zhì)突變期海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)反饋的認(rèn)識(shí)。另外，在深部生物圈MCG古菌的研究上取得了重要進(jìn)展。MCG是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)分布最為廣泛的一類未培養(yǎng)古菌，被認(rèn)為是海底深部生物圈中最豐富，并且最活躍的類群之一，很可能在全球物質(zhì)和能量循環(huán)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。課題組發(fā)現(xiàn)MCG古菌在系統(tǒng)發(fā)育上處于一個(gè)深的分支，代表了一類自然界較古老的古菌，顯著不同于目前分類已確定的所有古菌門類，并提議將MCG古菌歸類于一個(gè)全新的門類，命名為深古菌門（Bathyarchaeota）。這是目前首個(gè)由中國(guó)學(xué)者提議的古菌門的分類，是古菌和生命起源和演化研究的重要進(jìn)展之一，也將為該領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)研究起到積極推動(dòng)作用。

關(guān)鍵詞：海洋 極端環(huán)境 微生物 地質(zhì)作用 同位素

Abstract： We conducted further investigations on the microbial distribution characteristics and its relation with environmental factors， mainly on Actic ice front area and South-west Indian deep ocean. Our results revealed the dynamic microbial community structures and the ecological functions of some microbial groups， thus provided precious biological materials to explore the geological functions of microorganisms in the Earth history. Meanwhile， the microbial structure in the South-west Indian deep ocean was found to be related with some elements including Calcium、Phosphorus、and Sulfur， providing data and research basis for further scientific studies on revealing the biogeochemical roles of marine microorganisms. We conducted a series of environmental simulating experiments such as marine acidification and volcanic eruption which represent important geological events in the earth history. We focused on the responses of planktonic heterotrophic bacteria towards marine acidification and supplementing with volcanic ashes， our study supplements current understanding on the responses of marine ecosystem in the geological disrupting events. Moreover， we have made significant progresses on MCG archaea in the deep subsurface biosphere. MCG is one of the most widely distributed cosmopolitan uncultivated archaea， regarded as the most abundant and active archaeal group. MCG is probably playing important roles in the biogeochemical roles on Earth. We found that MCG is placed in a deep branch on the phylogenetic tree， representing an ancient group of archaea， and distinct from all known archaeal Phylum. Therefore， we propose to name MCG as a novel archaeal Phylum as “Bathyarchaeota". Proposing of MCG into a new archaeal phylum would stimulate research interests in this unknown fascinating archaeal group.

Key Words： Ocean； Extreme environments； Microorganism； Geological function； Isotope

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