淺談幾個高中英語語法難點的用法及相互聯系

劉年橋

高中英語有幾個語法要點，如非限制性定語從句、狀語從句、省略、分詞作狀語等都是語法難點，學生難以理解。下面從人教版教材Unit3 Book8中reading（L60 P3）句子：More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California入手，淺析這幾個語法難點的用法和相互關聯。

1. More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，句中-ed分詞分句作狀語，表示人們去immigrate的原因。-ed分詞表示被動或完成，這里-ed分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語more people from all over the world。又如，The castle，burnt down in 1845，was never rebuilt.（城堡于1845年被燒毀，再未重建。）這里燒毀的邏輯主語是句子的主語，形成被動關系。

-ed分詞前也可以帶連詞，如when、though/although、as if/as though、if、even if、once、unless、until等等。如，

Even if invited，I wont go.即使受到邀請，我也不去。（a）

When heated，ice will melt into water.冰加熱會變成水。（b）

上面兩個句子中-ed分詞的邏輯主語都是句子的主語，都有被動關系。

值得注意的是分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語時主動關系時，要用-ing分詞。如

Climbing to the top of the tower，we saw a magnificent view.

這里climbing的邏輯主語是we，表示主動關系。

-ing分詞前也可以帶連詞，如

He wrote his greatest novel while working as an ordinary seaman.（c）

Though understanding no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.（d）

上面兩句鐘的-ing分詞與句子的主語形成主動關系。比較下面例句：

Seeing from space，we find the earth is blue.Seeing的邏輯主語是We，用-ing分詞表主動。

Seen from space，the earth is blue.Seen的邏輯主語是The earth，用-ed分詞表被動。

結論：分詞充當狀語，其邏輯主語是句子主語，以此判斷主動和被動，且分詞前可帶連詞。

以上-ed分詞和-ing分詞的邏輯主語都是句子的主語，也就是說依附于句子主語，如果-ed分詞和-ing分詞帶有自己的獨立的邏輯主語，就構成所謂的“獨立主格結構”。如

The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.⑴

The question（having been）settled，the meeting adjourned.⑵

2. 從句也可作狀語，所以More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，可以擴展成主從復合句：As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，對比兩句可看出狀語從句的省略，就是省略主語和操作詞be。如

While（I was）waiting，I was reading some old magazines.

If（it is）carefully done，the experiment will be successful.

因此，上面例句（a）、（b）、（c）、（d）變成狀語從句依次是：

Even if I am invited，I wont go

When it is heated，ice will melt into water

He wrote his greatest novel while he was working as an ordinary seaman.

Though he understood no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.

結論：狀語從句如果從句主語和主句主語一致可以省略主語和操作詞be。如果主從句主語不一致，就可以構成獨立結構，上面⑴、⑵句相當于：

As the last bus had gone，we had to walk home.

Since/After the question had been settled，the meeting adjourned.

從上面一、二可以看出：

More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，

=As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，

這兩個句子的變化形式，有助于學生掌握分詞的基本用法狀語從句，也有助于理解非限制性定語從句、狀語從句、從句中的省略之間的聯系。其實，英語在其發展過程中已形成一個完整的語法體系。學生在學習過程中只要細心體會，學起來必然事半功倍！

參考文獻：

[1]王晶.解析英語介詞的構成及用法[J].齊齊哈爾醫學院學報.2010（06）.