攻克閱讀理解之“一二三”

徐鴻鳴

本文歸納了備考閱讀理解的“一二三”戰略：一指一個綱要；二指兩大解題思想；三指解題三步走。

[一個綱要]

英語高考考試大綱要求同學們讀懂熟悉的有關日常生活話題的簡短文字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報、雜志中關于一般性話題的簡短文章。同學們應能理解主旨和要義，理解文中具體信息，根據上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義，作出簡單判斷和推理，理解文章的基本結構，理解作者的意圖、觀點和態度。

無論何種設題，其閱讀和理解的方式都大致相同。我們總結出了解題思想和三大解題步驟。

[兩大解題思想]

推理判斷有兩大解題思想，即“立足原文，只推一步”和“推得近的>推得遠的”。

1. 立足原文，只推一步

即根據原文內容，一步即可推得，不應推理過深、過多，這樣反而會陷入出題人所設的圈套或偏離主旨。

例1 （2016·全國卷Ⅱ）

I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips—of those ， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor （捐獻者） to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence， Rhode Island， and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence， the lady on the desk said：“Well， Im really sorry， Ive got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please， please， youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed （改道） me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.

For this courier job， youre consciously aware that in that box youre got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1？

A. provider B. delivery man

C. collector D. medical doctor

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours？

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice wont last any longer.

31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first？

A. To London. B. To Newark.

C. To Providence. D. To Washington.

解析 29. B。詞義猜測題。根據本段內容Ive done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段可知作者是運送干細胞的人，即delivery man。

30. D。細節理解題。根據第一段第二句I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.可知冰盒只能保持42小時適宜的溫度。故選D 。

31. B。細節理解題。根據第二段末句 She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me， re-routed me through Newark可知，這位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故選 B。

以上各題都是基于文中本身的信息，僅推一步便可知道答案。像29小題A、C、D以及其他各題的干擾選項都是沒有立足于本文信息而作了沒有根據的推理。

2. 首段首句優先

“首段首句優先”是指在定位中應優選選擇先敘述的內容，要特別關注各個段落的首句，尤其是首段首句，無需舍近求遠，深挖細鉆。

例2 （2016·全國卷Ⅱ）

Simons Workshop

5∶00 pm-7∶30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage

This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy， and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.

23. What do we know about Simons Workshop？

A. It requires membership status.

B. It lasts three hours each time.

C. It is run by a comedy club.

D. It is held every Wednesday.

解析 23. D。細節理解題。根據第三則廣告第二行中的5∶00 pm-7∶30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage就能直接概括答案，無需再去糾結其他選項。這一原則對主旨大意題特別有用。眾所周知，一般文章的主旨大意大都設在第一段，且多數為第一句話。

[解題三步走 ]

閱讀理解解題一般要經歷三步走。具體而言還應遵循“三步走，三原則，三句讀，點對點”的原則。

第一步：劃定位詞

所謂定位詞，就是在題干中出現且能夠幫助我們迅速定位原文的詞。定位詞要遵循三原則：

1. 人名、地名、專有名詞、時間、數字優先劃

人名、地名、專有名詞都是以大寫字母開頭的，所以我們也可以把以上規則稱作大寫字母、時間、數字優先劃。 如2016年北京卷閱讀理解B篇的3個小題：

59. When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane， she found ______.

60. According to paragraph 4， who inspired Natalie most？

61. How did Natalie help the survivors？

這三個小題的定位詞分別是：59. Rockaway，hurricane；60. paragraph 4，inspired；61. survivors。

帶著這些定位詞便可以直接將信息源分別定位在第3段、第4段和倒數第3段，快速找到所需信息。

2. 獨特的名詞優先于獨特的動詞、形容詞和副詞

獨特，是指在浩瀚的文章中易于辨識的詞，此詞越少見越獨特，比如people與beautiful誰更獨特？答案當然是beautiful。那為什么優先劃名詞呢？因為名詞的穩定性較高，不像動詞、形容詞、副詞那樣變化多端且同義詞多。諸如名詞apple的同義詞你三秒內幾乎反應不出來，而形容詞beautiful你可以反應出一大堆，比如attractive，smart，gorgeous，所以名詞的穩定性遠遠大于動詞、形容詞和副詞，應該優先劃。

3. 常用詞、主題詞不能做定位詞

這些詞在文章中出現頻率很高，如2015年全國卷Ⅰ的最后一篇閱讀理解講法國心理咖啡館，café作為文章主題詞一抓一大把，自然不可劃做定位詞。

定位詞劃出來的數目不宜太多或太少，2到4個之間最為理想。

第二步：根據定位詞定位信息源，三句讀

讀定位詞在文中的當句， 看能不能確定答案，如不能，則讀其下句和上句，此所謂“三句讀”。在閱讀的時候，務必注意將題干中的定位詞與文中信息一一對應。

第三步：利用“兩大解題思想”作出正確選擇

在選項中找出滿足“立足原文，只推一步”或“首段首句優先”這兩條原則中其中一條的正確選項。

例3 （2016·全國卷Ⅰ）Five years ago， when I taught art at a school in Seattle， I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student， and said， “Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.”

A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.

Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect （感染） other students.

Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare， “But Im just not creative.”

“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really—at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”

25. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ________？

A. know more about the students

B. make the lessons more exciting

C. raise the students interest in art

D. teach the students about toy design

26. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. He liked to help his teacher.

B. He preferred to study alone.

C. He was active in class.

D. He was imaginative.

27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Mistake. B. Drawback.

C. Difficulty. D. Burden.

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory.

D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

解析 25. A。細節理解題。根據“首段首句優先”原則，我們先通過關鍵詞Tinkertoys定位到文章首段。首段有一句I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students。to表示目的，我們可以看出find out something about my students就是“我”的目的，即“了解學生”。

26. D。推理判斷題。根據第3段可知這個孩子利用空閑時間拼裝了很多玩具，擺滿了藝術教室的架子和他自己的臥室。本段中的Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.也說明了他是一個很有創造力的人。imaginative一詞可直接概括，無需再考慮其他信息。

27. B。詞義猜測題。根據劃線單詞后一句I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.可知“我”冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學生的危險。這說明“我”的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故劃線詞意為drawback（缺點）。

28. A。推理判斷題。根據定位詞talk about，dreams定位到文章最后7段，根據對話內容可知“我”鼓勵孩子們說出最有趣的夢，并鼓勵他們在白天的課堂里把夢的內容做出來。“我”這樣做的目的是讓他們看到自己的創造性和想象力。故A正確。其他選項離“我”的真實想法都太遠。