細節題解題方法點撥

胡瑞明

細節理解題在高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，做好這類試題是同學們獲取閱讀理解高分的保證。細節理解題常分為直接信息題和間接信息題。所謂直接信息題就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的細節題，常用who， what， when， where， why和how等疑問句提問，這類試題主要考查原文中的時間、地點、人物等信息。間接信息題相對于直接信息題要難些，因為此類題的正確選項都經過了命題人對原文信息的語義轉換，兩者存在表達上的差異。同學們不能一眼就從原文中找出正確答案，而是要稍加歸納才能完全理解關鍵信息的含義。

細節理解題常見設問方式有：

1. Which of the following is/isnt true？

2. Which of the following is not mentioned？

3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.

4. All of the following statements may be true/false except .

5. Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of？

6. What does the writer pay least attention to？

7. Which of the following is not the result of？

8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what ... is like？

9. The author mentions all of the following except .

10. All of the following statements are true except .

一般來說，解答細節理解題時首先要從問題中找到關鍵詞句，然后以此為線索，運用略讀和查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細節，找到后再對這部分內容進行仔細閱讀，分析比較所給選項與文中細節的異同，將所設問題的信息與原文中相關信息加以歸納、概括和推理，最后在準確理解細節的前提下，確定最佳答案。

直接信息題

解答細節理解的直接信息題時，由于其普遍較容易，不必通篇細讀全文，一般是先通過題干信息來選擇定位關鍵詞。關鍵詞主要是題干中的名詞、動詞和數詞，即問題的核心信息，再進行信息定位，運用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與題干有關的關鍵詞，找出相關的句子，得出正確答案。

例1 （2016年·全國卷Ⅰ） You probably know who Marie Curie was， but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below， who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years？

Jane Addams （1860-1935）

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community （社區） by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931， Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson （1907-1964）

If it werent for Rachel Carson， the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day OConnor （1930-present）

When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator （參議員） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks （1913-2005）

On December 1， 1955， in Montgomery， Alabama， Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year， and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was， was tired of giving in，” said Parks.

21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history？

A. Her social work.

B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.？

A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.

C. Sandra Day OConnor. D. Rosa Parks.

語篇解讀 文章介紹了四位杰出的美國女性以及她們為社會進步發揮的巨大作用。第一位是獲得諾貝爾和平獎的美國女性Jane Addams。第二位是以作品《寂靜的春天》引發了美國乃至全世界對環境保護的關注的Rachel Carson。第三位是美國有史以來首位出任最高法院大法官的女性Sandra Day OConnor。第四位是因為在公交車上拒絕向一名白人讓座，最終引發了美國二十世紀五六十年代民權運動的黑人女性Rosa Parks。

解析 本題閱讀所設的21和23題為直接事實題，可直接根據問題去文中尋找答案。

21. A。根據題中的關鍵詞Jane Addams可迅速定位文章中對她的介紹，由第一句Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.可知，她的主要貢獻是社會工作。

23. D。根據文中對Rosa Parks的介紹可知，1955年，Parks在阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市的一輛公交車上拒絕為一位白人讓座而遭到逮捕，這引發了蒙哥馬利市長達一年多的巴士抵制運動及民權運動，故是Rosa Parks為美國的民權運動作出了巨大的貢獻。

間接信息題

考查間接信息題時，正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。常用方式是同義詞替換或釋義，即把文中語言（詞匯和結構）改頭換面，來表達相同的意思。因此在做細節理解題時，要根據所找信息，分析選項，對比其中所用詞匯，避免誤選答案。

1. 同義替換

同義替換是指命題人利用同義詞或近義詞對原文的關鍵信息進行解釋。解題時，同學們應該根據題意，快速跳讀全文，找到關鍵信息，然后在選項中尋找與原文信息最接近的同義詞或近義詞，這樣就可確定正確答案。

例2 （2016年·全國卷Ⅰ） 22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

解析 C。根據文中Sandra Day OConnor介紹部分中的When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.可知，雖然她以優異的成績從斯坦福大學法學院畢業，但是卻因為女性身份而受到歧視，找不到律師事務所的工作。注意本題命題人根據文中信息對C選項進行了同義替換，即使用discrimination against women來代替because she was a woman，雖然表達形式與原文有差異，但意思一致。

2. 歸納信息

歸納信息是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復雜的信息，這是命題人設計細節理解題時經常使用的手段之一。同學們首先應抓住該題所涉及的重要信息去理解、提煉其中的關鍵信息，可嘗試用自己的語言去歸納文中的信息或事實，然后再看選項，挑選出和自己所歸納的信息最接近的選項作為正確答案。

例3 （2016年·全國卷Ⅰ）

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third-generation native of Brownsville， Texas， Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children， she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law， Marian Robinson， has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grand， a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them， especially when youre raising children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

25. Why was Garzas move a success？

A. It strengthened her family ties.

B. It improved her living conditions.

C. It enabled her to make more friends.

D. It helped her know more new places.

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of themselves.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

語篇解讀 文章介紹了美國老人幫子女帶孩子的情況，舉例說明美國老人與子孫同住將是一種趨勢，可使老人與子女間的關系更加密切。

解析 25. A。歸納分析第一段最后一句Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.可知答案。

27. C。歸納分析根據第三段In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own.可知在20世紀60年代，人們都認為離家越遠越好，以此來證明自己的獨立。

3. 選項干擾

高考英語閱讀理解在考查細節理解題時，在干擾項的設置上也是“煞費苦心”，常使用諸如顛倒黑白、張冠李戴、無中生有、偷梁換柱、以偏概全等方式來造成句意的改變。其中最常見的干擾項是用了與原文相似的句型結構和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個詞匯，造成句意的改變。

例4 （2016年·全國卷Ⅰ） 26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision？

A. 17% expressed their support for it.

B. Few people responded sympathetically.

C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.

D. The majority thought it was a trend.

解析 D。文章第二段中有83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.這樣的表述，即83%的美國人認為羅賓遜太太的決定將影響美國家庭中的祖父母們。三分之二的人相信更多的家庭會向奧巴馬的家庭學習。題中的C項雖然數字與原文一致，但卻悄悄地使用了bad，造成了句意的改變，干擾性非常大。對這種部分正確、部分錯誤的選項，我們尤其要注意。