張宇,查云飛,2*,陸雪松,李亮,胡磊,楊仁杰,林苑
三點法非對稱回波水脂分離技術的基底動脈高分辨磁共振成像的可行性研究
張宇1,查云飛1,2*,陸雪松2,3,李亮1,胡磊1,楊仁杰1,林苑1

目的 比較不同頻率編碼方向FSE-T2WI和IDEAL FSE-T2WI技術的高分辨磁共振成像(high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI)對于基底動脈管壁顯示的效果。材料與方法 選擇30名磁共振顱腦檢查患者,采用不同頻率編碼方向FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)和IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)3組序列行基底動脈同斷面掃描,基底動脈管壁顯示情況行4分法評價,并比較3組序列基底動脈的圖像質量。結果 基底動脈圖像質量評分FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)、IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)分別為81分、92分、115分。3種序列基底動脈圖像質量兩兩比較,FSE-T2WI (A/P)和FSE-T2WI (R/L)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-3.317,P=0.001)。FSE-T2WI (R/L)和IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-4.600,P=0.000)。FSE-T2WI (A/P)和IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-4.540,P=0.000),IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)對于基底動脈管壁結構顯示效果最好。結論 IDEAL技術能顯著消除顱底磁敏感偽影,使基底動脈管壁更清晰顯示。
三點法非對稱回波水脂分離;磁共振成像;基底動脈;磁敏感偽影
Key words Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation; Magnetic resonance imaging; Basal artery; Magnetic susceptibility artifact
顱內動脈粥樣硬化是導致缺血性腦卒中的主要原因,在亞洲人群中占比約30%~50%[1-2]。其中,椎基底動脈是腦動脈粥樣硬化的好發部位。近年來高分辨磁共振成像(high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI)由于其無創性和優越的組織對比度而在顱內動脈斑塊成像方面應用日益廣泛[3-9]。但在臨床實踐中,隨場強的提高,快速自旋回波(fast spin echo,FSE)序列對磁敏感偽影(magnetic susceptibility artifact,MSA)更加敏感,MSA常沿頻率編碼方向引起空間位置和信號的失真,在顱底腦組織與骨氣交界面處引起的信號丟失可能造成基底動脈(basilar artery,BA)管壁信號缺失,從而影響斑塊顯示,特別是蝶竇氣化程度較高的患者,信號丟失現象更加明顯。
非對稱回波的最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分離(iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation,IDEAL)又稱為三點法非對稱回波水脂分離技術。在消除磁化率偽影和改善脂肪抑制效果方面顯示了巨大優勢,目前尚未見基于IDEAL FSE-T2WI技術的基底動脈高分辨MRI相關研究報道。本研究旨在比較不同頻率編碼方向FSE-T2WI和IDEAL FSE-T2WI技術的HRMRI對于基底動脈管壁顯示的效果。
1.1 臨床資料
2015年10月至2015年12月,招募我院30名磁共振顱腦檢查患者,其中男17例、女13例,年齡(51.9±16.5)歲。納入標準:蝶竇氣化較好的患者(鞍型蝶竇,與腦干間僅隔以紙樣薄骨板)、無固定金屬假牙或種植牙、無MRI檢查禁忌證。該研究經醫院倫理委員會嚴格審批,并詳細告知試驗目的及過程,簽署知情同意書。
1.2 檢查方法及圖像分析
采用GE Discovery MRI 750 plus 3.0 T掃描儀,8通道頭部標準線圈。先完成常規顱腦平掃,再行顱腦3D-TOF MRA掃描,采用3D-TOF MRA圖像定位做垂直于基底動脈的高分辨FSE-T2WI (A/P)橫斷面成像(圖1),FSE-T2WI (R/L)、IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)的層厚和位置完全拷貝FSE-T2WI (A/P)。3組序列FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)、IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)在成像選項界面(image option)中均選?。翰蔑椛漕l(tailored RF,TRF)、流動補償(flow compensation,FC)、擴展的動態范圍(extended dynamic range,EDR)、無相位卷褶(no phase wrap,NPW)、零穿插后處理(ZIP 512)。FSE-T2WI (A/P)、IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)頻率編碼方向為前后方向;FSE-T2WI (R/L)頻率編碼方向為左右方向;FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)均采用頻率選擇飽和法脂肪抑制技術。3組序列具體掃描參數見表1。
1.3 圖像分析與評價
屏蔽患者臨床信息后,由兩名高年資放射診斷醫師(分別從事MRI診斷21年及25年)對受試者BA管壁圖像質量按優、良、中、差4個等級目測評分[10],評分標準如下:全部12個層面管腔壁清晰顯示,無缺失及偽影干擾者為“優”,記4分;8個層面以上管腔壁顯示清晰,其余層面管腔壁顯示欠清晰者為“良”,記3分;6個層面以上管腔壁顯示清晰,其余層面管腔壁缺失中斷欠連續者為“中”,記2分;6個層面以上管腔壁顯示缺失中斷者為“差”,記1分。
1.4 統計學分析
采用Bland-Altman分析兩個觀察者對BA管壁圖像質量評分的一致性(95% LOA),若兩觀察者評分具有高度一致性,則進一步對不一致的評分數據經兩者共同協商取得一組一致評分數據,所得數據采用SPSS 17.0統計分析軟件,進行非參數統計多個相關樣本,Friedman檢驗比較3種序列的圖像質量,如差異有統計學意義者,再采用Wilcoxon配對符號秩和檢驗兩兩比較,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
所有患者均順利完成檢查,無明顯頭部運動偽影。IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)序列較FSE-T2WI序列掃描時間增加約1 min 30 s。經Bland-Altman分析,兩觀察者評分差值均位于95%的一致性界限區間內,兩觀察者評分具有較好的一致性(圖2)。3組序列經Friedman檢驗,P<0.001,3組序列評分的差異總體上具有統計學意義。
3種序列基底動脈圖像質量比較:FSE-T2WI (A/P)總分81分,基底動脈下端近椎動脈分叉處,基底動脈及其前方腦脊液常信號缺失,管壁顯示模糊甚至中斷;FSE-T2WI (R/L)總分92分,較FSET2WI (A/P)在管壁顯示清晰度和連續性上雖有所提高,但在部分磁敏感偽影較大的情況下也沒有較大改善;IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)總分115分,管壁結構清晰顯示,無中斷,基底動脈及其前方腦脊液信號顯示正常無缺失,圖像質量顯著提高。3種序列兩兩比較,FSE-T2WI (A/P)和FSE-T2WI (R/L)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-3.317,P=0.001)。FSE-T2WI (R/L)和IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-4.600,P=0.000)。FSE-T2WI (A/P)和IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)差異具有統計學意義(Z=-4.540,P=0.000),IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)對于基底動脈管壁結構顯示效果最好,可顯著減少磁敏感偽影干擾(表2、圖3)。

表1 基底動脈HRMRI掃描序列掃描參數Tab. 1 HRMRI parameters of basilar artery imaging sequences

圖1 A、B:以MRA的最大密度投影為定位像,做垂直于基底動脈長軸的斷面圖像;C:蝶竇氣化較好患者矢狀位定位像Fig. 1 A, B: Take MIP images of MRA as a localizer, perpendicular to the long axis of the basilar artery, obtain traverse images; C: The sagittal localizer of the patients with better sphenoid sinus gasification, obtain traverse images.

圖2 A~C分別為兩觀察者對FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)、IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)的Bland-Altman圖,上下虛線為95%一致性界限,中間實線為平均差。A~C評分數值均位于一致性界限以內,提示兩觀察者之間評分一致性高Fig. 2 A—C: Bland-Altman diagram of FSE-T2WI (A/P), FSE-T2WI (R/L), IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P) for two observers, above and below the dotted line is 95% limits of agreement, the middle line is the mean difference. A—C: The score values were within the limits of agreement, indicating the high consistency of the two observers.
動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄常累及頭頸部血管,是缺血性腦卒中的主要原因。歐美國家動脈粥樣硬化常累及頸動脈,而中國人則更易累及顱內動脈[11-13]。目前國內外還未見有關IDEAL-T2WI技術在BA高分辨血管壁成像應用的文獻報道。本研究將IDEAL技術應用顱腦BA高分辨掃描,并與常規FSE-T2WI進行比較,結果顯示IDEAL FSE-T2WI中BA管壁結構清晰顯示,基底動脈及其前方腦脊液信號無缺失,該技術較FSE-T2WI圖像質量顯著提高。

表2 3個序列對基底動脈HRMRI圖像質量評價的比較Tab.2 Comparison of image quality evaluation for three imaging sequences

圖3 A~C為同一患者BA管壁圖像。A:FSE-T2WI (A/P)部分層面BA前方管壁連續性中斷,記2分(短箭);B:FSE-T2WI (R/L)同一層面管壁連續,但顯示欠清晰,記3分;C:IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)同一層面BA管壁完整,無磁敏感偽影干擾,信號無丟失,圖像無變形,4分。D~F為同一患者BA管壁圖像。D、E分別采用FSE-T2WI (A/P)、FSE-T2WI (R/L)圖像無明顯改善,磁敏感偽影較大,BA前方管壁信號丟失;F:IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)同一層面BA管壁完整,顯示清晰(長箭),頸內動脈海綿竇段管壁亦清晰完整顯示(短箭)。G~I為同一患者BA管壁圖像。G:FSE-T2WI (A/P)BA管壁斑塊,受磁敏感偽影干擾,前方管壁信號缺失,斑塊范圍未完整顯示(短箭);H:FSE-T2WI (R/L)頻率方向為左右方向,磁敏感偽影干擾影響變小,斑塊顯示完整,BA管壁受信號缺失干擾,前方管壁顯示似欠清晰(短箭);I:IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)BA管壁無磁敏感偽影干擾,斑塊形態、范圍清晰顯示Fig. 3 A—C: Images of the basal artery of the same patient. A: Part of the level of the basilar artery wall discontinuity for FSE-T2WI (A/P), 2 points (short arrow); B: The same level of the basilar artery wall is continuous for FSE-T2WI (R/L), but the display is not clear, 3 points; C: At the same level, the basilar artery wall is complete, no magnetic susceptibility artifact interference, no loss of signal, no distortion of the image for IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P), 4 points. D—F: Images of the basal artery of the same patient. D, E: There was no signifcant improvement in the image, and the magnetic susceptibility artifacts were larger, and the basilar artery front wall signal was lost for FSE-T2WI (A/P) and FSE-T2WI (R/L); F: The same level of basilar artery wall is complete and clear display for IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)(long arrow), beside the cavernous segment of internal carotid artery wall is complete and clear display (short arrow). G—I: Images of the basal artery of the same patient. G: The basilar artery wall plaque, which is affected by the magnetic susceptibility artifacts, is missing in front of the wall, and the area of the plaque is not fully displayed for FSE-T2WI (A/P) (short arrow); H: Magnetic susceptibility artifact is small, the plaque display is complete, but basilar artery front wall is not clear display for FSE-T2WI (R/L); I: There is no magnetic susceptibility artifact interference in the basilar artery wall, and the shape and range of the plaque are clearly displaye
目前腦動脈高分辨MRI技術主要選用頻率選擇飽和法脂肪抑制技術的FSE-T2WI序列[14-15],該序列在高分辨率參數下保持了較高的信噪比,而且成像時間短,能夠較好地顯示管壁結構。但是,在顱底腦組織與骨氣等具有不同磁化率的物質交界面處,局部場強差異導致主磁場不均勻,致使該處質子自旋失相位,導致局部圖像信號缺失。由于FSE序列對B1場不均勻性敏感,在顱底特別是鞍型蝶竇患者行BA高分辨成像時,信號丟失更加明顯。IDEAL技術是一種采用三點法非對稱回波的水脂分離成像法,一次掃描采集3個回波,一次激勵實際上是3次激勵,在分離獲得單純水和脂肪圖像同時保持高的信噪比(signal noise ratio,SNR),能有效克服磁場不均勻性的影響,脂肪抑制均勻,在高場MR儀上應用越來越廣泛[16-17]?;谶@一特點,本研究IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P)序列采用6次激勵,圖像SNR顯著提高。IDEAL技術能在一次掃描內,獲得水像、脂像、同相位圖像、反相位圖像4種組織對比度圖像,能提高顱內動脈斑塊檢測和特征的顯示,對腦動脈斑塊的風險評估具有重要臨床意義。
常用的減小磁敏感偽影的技術方法有:減小視野、增大矩陣、減小層厚和增加回波鏈長度[18-19]。另外在FOV和相位編碼一定的情況下,增加帶寬使體素減少,縮短體素間失相位時間,造成偽影直徑減小。由于FSE-T2WI (A/P)本身就是高分辨成像在參數設置上符合小FOV、大矩陣、小層厚的條件,但在BA管壁顯示上還是受顱底MSA的影響,管壁結構顯示并不理想。基于磁敏感失真偽影常沿頻率編碼方向這一特點,本研究FSE-T2WI序列在保持高分辨成像參數的情況下,通過改變頻率編碼的方向,由前后方向變成左右方向,試驗結果得出,雖較FSE-T2WI (A/P)在BA管壁顯示清晰度和連續性上有所提高,但在部分磁敏感偽影較大的情況下管壁的顯示亦不理想。腦動脈HRMRI磁敏感偽影最明顯、造成信號缺失和失真的位置集中在顱底腦干下緣、斜坡骨質和蝶竇氣腔交界處,而此處的基底動脈常常顯示欠佳,尤其在基底動脈走行于腦干前方較正中位置,與前方斜坡骨質和氣化程度高的鞍型蝶竇僅僅隔以紙樣薄骨板時,受MSA影響最大。本研究采用IDEAL FSE-T2WI序列,較常規FSE序列能顯著消除顱底MSA干擾,BA管壁及其周圍結構清晰顯示。
本研究存在的不足:首先樣本量偏少,可能削弱統計結果的準確性,未來需加大樣本量進一步研究。其次,沒有對管壁斑塊的檢出率和診斷效能進行進一步評價。IDEALFSE-T2WI掃描時間較常規FSE序列延長,若結合快速采集技術時間能夠顯著縮短。
綜上所述,基于IDEAL FSE-T2WI技術的基底動脈高分辨MRI是可行的,該技術可以顯著減小顱底磁敏感偽影,改善基底動脈管壁的顯示效果。
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High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of basilar artery with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation (IDEAL): A feasibility study
ZHANG Yu1, ZHA Yun-fei1,2*, LU Xue-song2,3, LI Liang1, HU Lei1, YANG Ren-jie1, LIN Yuan11Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
2Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Wuhan 430074, China
3Department of Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
Objective: To evaluate the potential for high-resolution MR imaging using IDEAL FSE-T2WI compared with FSE-T2WI in the assessment of the basilar artery wall. Materials and Methods: High-resolution FSE (A/P), FSE (R/L) and IDEAL FSE (A/P) T2W images were acquired from basilar artery of 30 patients using 3.0 T MRI scanner. Imaging studies were evaluated for total image quality and graded using a 4-point Likert Scale (1, nondiagnostic; 4, outstanding). Results: The total scores for FSE-T2WI (A/P), FSE-T2WI (R/L) and IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P) images, respectively, were as follows: 81, 92 and 115. FSE-T2WI (A/P) and FSE-T2WI (R/L) difference with statistical signifcance (Z=-3.317, P=0.001). FSE-T2WI (R/L) and IDEAL FSET2WI (A/P) difference with statistical signifcance (Z=-4.600, P=0.000). FSE-T2WI (A/P) and IDEAL FSE-T2WI (A/P) difference with statistical signifcance (Z=-4.540, P=0.000) . IDEAL FSE-T2WI images showed improved image quality compared to FSE-T2WI technique at 3.0 T. Conclusion: IDEAL FSE-T2WI is a feasible technique in the basilar artery for producing high-resolution T2-weighted imaging.
醫學信息分析及腫瘤診療湖北省重點實驗室開放課題資助項目(編號:PJS140011511)
1.武漢大學人民醫院放射科,武漢430060
2.醫學信息分析及腫瘤診療湖北省重點實驗室,武漢 430074
3.中南民族大學生物醫學工程學院,武漢 430074
查云飛,E-mail:zhayunfei999@126. com
2016-07-30
接受日期:2016-09-23
R445.2;R743.1
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.10.007
張宇, 查云飛, 陸雪松, 等. 三點法非對稱回波水脂分離技術的基底動脈高分辨磁共振成像的可行性研究. 磁共振成像, 2016, 7(10): 754-758.
*Correspondence to: Zha YF, E-mail: zhayunfei999@126.com
Received 30 Jul 2016, Accepted 23 Sep 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment (No. PJS140011511).