育

黃偉嘉 劉玨

The character that starts following you the moment youre born

從出生到成長必不可少的字

Agrowing population is generally seen as essential for us to survive as a species， a concept deeply engrained in early human civilization. The worship of fertility-inspired art and religion dates back 30，000 years， specifically to a fertility goddess sculpture with exaggerated female reproductive anatomy—the famous Venus of Willendorf.

Today， we think of ourselves as less of a gift from the goddess and more the legacy of our parents， but we are so much more than their chromosomes. Environment， or nurture， plays a big role in shaping us into the people we are. Our character of the day is育（y&）， meaning both “to give birth” and “to nurture， educate”.

As you might imagine， the linguistic aesthetics of birth are as old as human history. On the oracle bones， the character for “birth” is quite self-explanatory. On the top of the character is the shape of a woman， on the bottom is an upside-down baby. Together， it creates the scene of a woman in labor.

Sometimes， in the top half the woman takes the simplified form of “人” （r9n， people）， other times it is the complicated “每”（m0i， here indicating a woman wearing hair accessories， a usage lost in modern Chinese）. Three dots were later added at the bottom of the character， which refer to the spilled blood of labor.

Later still， as the characters developed， their pictographic quality gave way to evolved forms that were more standardized and easier to write.

The simpler version of the word became 后 （h7u）; a character that evolved to have the meaning of both birth and a title—equivalent of that of sovereign. This as well as the fact that后 was the title of the chief of a matriarchal tribe has led scholars to believe that there was a connection between fertility and power. This usage is still in todays language， as in 王后 （w1ngh7u， queen） and 皇后（hu1ngh7u， empress）.

Beware that in simplified Chinese 后 also means “after， back” or “behind”， as in 先后 （xi`nh7u， before and after）; but in traditional Chinese， the different meanings are represented by two different characters： 后and後（h7u）.

The more complicated version of the word became 毓（y&）， in which the 每 radical was moved from top to left and the upside-down baby to the top right while the three dots of blood were elongated and positioned at the bottom right. 毓 means not only “to give birth”， but also “to nurture”， as in the phrase鐘靈毓秀 （zh4ng l！ng y& xi&）， which means “a good environment nurtures good talent”.

However， the most commonly used word for “birth” and “to nurture”，育， has a much later origin. It was in the Han Dynasty （202 BCE – 220 CE） that the character first appeared in seal script. This time， the upside-down baby was put on top of the character， while the bottom radical， 月（yu-）， indicated its pronunciation. Together， they formed 育 （y&）， meaning “to give birth”， “to raise”， and “to nurture， educate”： ie. 生育（sh8ngy&， to give birth）， 養育（y2ngy&， to raise， nurture）， and 教育（ji3oy&， to educate）.

First and foremost， 育 is related to birth and fertility and can be exemplified by words such as 育齡（y&l！ng）， or “childbearing age”; 節育（ji9y&）， or “birth control”;絕育（ju9y&）， or “to sterilize”; and 不育（b%y&）， or “infertility”. As the country with the largest population， China implemented （計劃生育 j#hu3 sh8ngy&）or “family planning”， as one of its national policies. Recent changes to this policy allow a second child for a couple and no longer encourage late marriage and late childbirth， or 晚婚晚育（w2nh$n w2ny&）.

Secondly，育is related to “nurture”. To cultivate is 培育（p9iy&）; to feed and foster is 哺育（b^y&）. child care is 保育（b2oy&）， nursing a baby is育嬰（y&y～ng）. Of course， such care in not limited to children. For instance， 育苗（y&mi1o）means “to grow seedlings”.

Finally， the most frequent combinations of words with the character 育 are related to education. For instance， physical education is體育（t@y&）， 智育（zh#y&） is “intelligence education”， and 德育（d9y&）is “ethical education”. When you add in the ubiquitous 愛國主義教育（3igu5zh^y# ji3oy&）or “patriotic education”， it is indeed a lot to learn.

Throughout the journey to adulthood， 育seems to be a constant theme in our lives. It makes us who we are， and， for better or worse， our species marches on.