華夏地塊龍泉地區發現亞洲最古老的鋯石

邢光福,楊祝良,陳志洪,姜 楊,洪文濤,靳國棟,余明剛,趙希林,段 政

中國地質調查局南京地質調查中心,江蘇南京 210016

華夏地塊的前寒武紀基底的物質組成與構造演化史極為復雜,是當前華南區域地質調查與研究工作中的重大地質問題。最近,筆者在華夏地塊武夷地區變質巖系研究中,對浙江省西南部龍泉巖群的一個云母石英片巖樣品(編號:113ZJ-14-4)進行了碎屑鋯石 SHRIMP U-Pb定年,測得年齡譜延續范圍極大(4100～410 Ma,自冥古宙延續至早泥盆世初),其中兩顆碎屑鋯石(編號#8、#123)獲得大于4050 Ma的年齡(巖漿成因核部207Pb/206Pb表面年齡變化范圍約 4200～4104 Ma,諧和年齡 4127～4100 Ma),這是華夏地塊北部首次發現冥古宙鋯石。兩顆冥古宙碎屑鋯石中,#123鋯石的巖漿成因核部諧和年齡為(4127±4) Ma,可能是亞洲迄今發現的最古老鋯石;#8鋯石發育核幔邊結構,其巖漿成因核部年齡為(4100±7) Ma,變質幔年齡為～4070 Ma,可能是地球上最早的變質事件記錄。此項成果于2014年6月3日全文在線發表于Nature旗下的《Scientific Reports》(DOI:10.1038/srep05143),并有幸入選“中國地質調查局、中國地質科學院2014年度地質科技十大進展”(中國地質科學院,2015)。

華夏地塊是中國東部大陸重要的組成部分之一,主要由早古生代變質巖以及中生代花崗巖類、火山-沉積巖組成,并出露少量前寒武紀巖石(包括新元古代火山-沉積巖以及極少量的古元古代片麻巖)。研究區地處華夏地塊北部的浙西南龍泉地區(圖1)。區域上出露的前寒武紀變質巖系大致可以劃分為上、下兩套巖石地層單元:下部為古元古代的八都群,主要巖性為黑云斜長片麻巖、變粒巖、黑云片巖和斜長角閃巖,經歷了角閃巖相的中高溫區域變質作用和較強烈的混合巖化作用(胡雄健等,1993;甘曉春等,1995);上部為新元古代的龍泉群,主要巖性為變粒巖、云母片巖、綠簾斜長角閃巖、含鐵石英巖和大理巖等,經歷了高綠片巖相到低角閃巖相的區域變質作用(胡雄健等,1993;甘曉春等,1995;陳正宏等,2008)。本文所報道的冥古宙鋯石來自于龍泉巖群的云母石英片巖。

1 冥古宙地殼物質研究現狀

地球早期的形成和演化一直是國際地學界關注的熱點,冥古宙(Hadean Eon,約4510～3850 Ma;陸松年等,2005)的古老巖石與礦物(鋯石)則是重要的研究對象和信息載體。目前全球范圍內冥古宙巖石(≥3.8 Ga)僅在格棱蘭、東南極、北美和中國華北等少數地區發現(Black et a1.,1986;Kinny et a1.,1986;Liu et a1.,1992;Song et a1.,1996;Wan et a1.,2005),其中加拿大 Wopmay造山帶 Acasta的 4016 Ma片麻巖是地球上已知最古老的巖石(Iizuka et al.,2006),但O’Neil等(2008)報道加拿大Nuvvuangittuq綠巖帶142Nd/144Nd-147Sm/142Nd等時線年齡為 4.28 Ga。我國發現的最古老巖石在華北陸塊鞍山、冀東等地(≥3.8 Ga),它們的鋯石Hf模式年齡約4.0 Ga(Liu et al.,1992;Wan et al.,2005;萬渝生等,2009)。揚子陸塊最古老巖石是鄂北地區的崆嶺雜巖,為 3.2～2.9 Ga的TTG質片麻巖和混合巖等(Gao et al.,1999;Qiu et al.,2000;Jiao et al.,2009)。華夏地塊發現的最古老巖石時代是浙西南的古元古代變質花崗巖類(<2.0 Ga,甘曉春等,1995;Liu et al.,2009;Yu et al.,2009,2012),至今尚未發現冥古宙巖石。但是,地球上能保存至今的冥古宙巖石極為有限,且通常遭受了后期復雜的地質過程,直接從中獲取原巖的詳細信息相對比較困難;相比之下,地球上的古老鋯石則數量相對多、地域相對廣。因此,古老鋯石就成為了解地球形成初期500 Ma內地殼演化過程的主要研究對象,Valley等(2014)甚至提出:地球早期一定發生過地殼的化學均一化、以及存在巖漿海等,但并不能直接被記錄下來;地球最早階段的演化中唯一的物質證據就是鋯石。

圖1 研究區大地構造位置(a)、龍泉地區地質簡圖(b)(據Xing et al.,2014修改)Fig.1 Geotectonic location (a),simplified geological map of Longquan area (b) (modified after Xing et al.,2014)

迄今為止,全球發現的>4050 Ma冥古宙鋯石主要分布于岡瓦納大陸上,且絕大多數見于西澳大利亞的Yilgarn克拉通直徑約300 km的狹小區域內,尤其以 Jack Hill最為著名(Compston et al.,1986;Maas et al.,1992;Nelson et al.,2000;Peck et al.,2001;Griffin et a1.,2004;Kemp et al.,2006;Harrison et al.,2007,2008),最老的鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡達(4404±8) Ma,其原位 O 同位素分析表明當時已存在花崗質巖漿活動和早期的海洋(Wilde et al.,2001;Harrison et al.,2008),其次為(4348±3) Ma(Cavosie et al.,2004)等。最近,Valley 等(2014)采用當前最先進的原子探針層析技術(atom-probe tomography),測得 Jack Hill一顆碎屑鋯石年齡為4374 Ma,被認為這是目前地球上最可靠的、最古老的鋯石年齡,表明地殼在地球誕生 1億年后、即在太陽系誕生 1.6億年后即已形成。在 Jack Hill的4.25 Ga碎屑鋯石中還發現了金剛石包裹體,表明當時陸殼可能已有相當厚度(Menneken et al.,2007)。Svetlana等(2010)對西澳 Pilbara克拉通Dresser組弱變質玄武巖和層狀硅質巖的147Sm-143Nd同位素分析表明,在地球形成之后100～200 Ma內,地幔即開始發生初始分異,形成富集的或虧損的儲庫;大體與此同時,在4.3 Ga之前即通過對流地幔分異開始了地殼的分異作用。此外,在世界上其它地區也發現了≥3.8 Ga的碎屑鋯石,例如德國巴伐利亞東北(Gebauer et al.,1989)、美國懷俄明州北部(Mueller et al.,1998)、巴西圣弗朗西斯科克拉通(Hartmann et al.,2006)、尼泊爾西部高喜馬拉雅地區(Gehrels et al.,2006)及中亞造山帶內哈薩克斯坦北部(Kr?ner et al.,2008)等。

我國最早在華北鞍山地區發現冥古宙碎屑鋯石(SHRIMP U-Pb年齡≥3.8 Ga,此外還有4.0 Ga的Hf同位素虧損地幔模式年齡(Liu et al.,1992;Wan et al.,2005;萬渝生等,2009)。近年來,我國多處發現了冥古宙鋯石。在西藏地塊,普蘭縣石英片巖中首次發現一顆SHRIMP U-Pb法年齡為(4102.5±4.3) Ma的碎屑鋯石,在當時是亞洲地區已知最古老的鋯石,并發育～3.6 Ga變質深熔鋯石增生邊(溫春齊等,2006;Duo et al.,2007)。在華北陸塊,南緣的信陽魯山地區存在 Hf同位素虧損地幔模式年齡達 3.9～4.0 Ga的碎屑鋯石,冀東鉻云母石英巖中則發現了～3.85 Ga碎屑鋯石(萬渝生等,2009)、以及Hf同位素虧損地幔模式年齡達3.96 Ga的碎屑鋯石(Wu et al.,2005);北秦嶺奧陶紀火山巖中發現一顆冥古宙捕虜鋯石,其LA-ICP-MS U-P年齡為(4079±5) Ma,可能是勞亞大陸發現的最古老碎屑鋯石(王洪亮等,2007),此后第五春榮等(2010)利用該碎屑鋯石進行了SHRIMP U-P法驗證,測得原位年齡為(4080±9) Ma,并原地再取樣分選出 3000多顆鋯石,利用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法對所有鋯石逐一測年分析,新獲得兩顆冥古宙鋯石(年齡分別為(4007±29) Ma、(3908±45) Ma,均屬捕獲變質成因鋯石);河西走廊晚泥盆世中寧組砂巖中發現二顆碎屑鋯石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡分別為(3891±17) Ma和(4022±16) Ma,它們的 Hf同位素特征與 Jack Hills>4.0 Ga鋯石的(Harrsion et al.,2008)非常相近,均來自大陸地殼區的花崗質巖漿(Yuan et al.,2012);Cui等(2013)報道了華北陸塊最古老的鋯石捕虜晶LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡為4.17 Ga;劉建輝等(2014)則推斷華北陸塊可能還存在～4.1 Ga的地殼增生作用。在揚子陸塊,Zhang等(2006)測得湖北宜昌南華紀蓮沱組砂巖中一顆碎屑鋯石的SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為3.8 Ga,Hf模式年齡3.96～4.00 Ga。在西伯利亞陸塊南緣的中亞造山帶,Wang等(2013)在東準噶爾阿爾曼泰蛇綠混雜帶的沉積巖塊中也發現一顆LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法年齡為4.04 Ga的碎屑鋯石,其εHf(t)值為–5.2,Hf模式年齡達 4474 Ma。

華夏地塊多處發現了冥古宙(或Hf模式年齡達冥古宙)的碎屑鋯石,Yu等(2007)測得粵北南雄地區潭溪片麻巖中一顆 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡為3755 Ma的碎屑鋯石有4.07 Ga的Hf模式年齡;Yao等(2011)在贛南奧陶紀砂巖中發現一顆 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡為3.96 Ga的碎屑鋯石,另有兩顆碎屑鋯石的 Hf 模式年齡分別為 4068 Ma(U-Pb年齡2435 Ma)、4202 Ma(U-Pb年齡 2649 Ma);Yu等(2012)測得浙西南八都巖群一顆U-Pb年齡為3.6 Ga的碎屑鋯石有3.99 Ga的Hf模式年齡。Xu等(2012)在廣西西大明山早寒武世砂巖中測得一顆碎屑鋯石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡為(4107±29) Ma;Li等(2014)報道了華夏地塊一顆碎屑鋯石的 Hf同位素模式年齡為～4.19 Ga。

以上說明,我國的華夏地塊、揚子陸塊、華北陸塊等不同塊體都可能存在冥古宙地殼殘片,而且可能有類似的早期地質演化歷史;同時也意味著全球可能存在多個>4.0Ga的物源區(Zhang et al.,2006;Zheng et al.,2007;萬渝生等,2009)。此外,華夏地塊的武夷地區、云開地區和南嶺地區均有冥古宙年代信息,說明曾經在大范圍內分布有冥古宙物質,甚至有找到冥古宙地質體殘留的可能性。

圖2 冥古宙鋯石CL圖像(據Xing et al.,2014修改)Fig.2 CL image of Hadean zircon (modified after Xing et al.,2014)

2 華夏地塊冥古宙鋯石發現的意義

如前所述,Xing等(2014)在華夏地塊武夷地區發現兩顆冥古宙碎屑鋯石(>4100 Ma),其中一顆(#123)為亞洲最古老的鋯石(4127 Ma);另一顆(#8)具有～4100 Ma的巖漿成因核,其核部被一約4070～4060 Ma的變質幔部包裹(記錄了全球最早的變質年齡),在最外部還有兩個介于 3800～3600 Ma的增生邊(圖2,3)。此外,我們也注意到這兩顆冥古宙鋯石的O同位素、微量元素、Ti含量及結晶溫度等,與已知的其它地區冥古宙鋯石有明顯差異。例如,#8鋯石碎屑鋯石核部的巖漿鋯石有異常高的鈦含量(51.5×10-6～54.0×10-6),利用鋯石的鈦溫度計求得其結晶溫度為 910oC,明顯高于地球上已知其它冥古宙鋯石的形成溫度(例如:西澳Jack Hills冥古宙碎屑鋯石的平均溫度約700oC)(Xing et al.,2014)。此外,#8碎屑鋯石核部的巖漿鋯石還有極高的氧同位素組成(δ18O值平均7.2‰),與西澳 Jack Hills冥古宙巖漿成因鋯石中的最高值相似,且高于幔源巖漿鋯石值,說明其巖漿源區有蝕變地殼物質加入,或者其基巖在4150 Ma之前與地表水經歷了同位素交換。另外,在球粒隕石標準化稀土元素配分圖上,兩顆冥古宙碎屑鋯石的巖漿成因鋯石區均表現為輕稀土虧損、正Ce異常和負Eu異常;它們還具有具有很高的高(Sm/La)N和 U/Yb比值,與地球上其它殼源鋯石類似(Xing et al.,2014)。因此,#8號顆粒核部可能結晶于淺部地殼沉積物部分熔融所形成的花崗巖類中,這與 Jack Hills中那些冥古宙鋯石相似,同時期高溫對應的高 Ti暗示其源區內的無水(干的)熔融過程,這一特殊的成巖機制目前還尚未見有報道。

圖3 冥古宙鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb諧和圖(引自Xing et al.,2014)Fig.3 SHRIMP U-Pb concodia diagram of Hadean zircon (after Xing et al.,2014)

另外,冥古宙鋯石顆粒在中國境內不同時期的沉積巖中零星分布,表明了冥古宙鋯石可以在多階段的地殼重循環過程中得以保留。本次研究共對龍泉巖群云母石英片巖的214顆鋯石進行了235個點的U-Pb定年(未發表數據),發現了兩顆>40億年的冥古宙鋯石,表明北武夷地區的變質基底雖然巖石形成時代普遍<20億年,但冥古宙鋯石含量(接近1%)遠高于澳大利亞等地區,暗示可能有更多的冥古宙鋯石,甚至可能還殘留太古宙-冥古宙巖石。因此有必要對華夏地塊龍泉地區的碎屑鋯石進行進一步的 U-Pb定年工作,從而確定本次研究的這些具特殊地球化學性質的冥古宙鋯石顆粒是否具有代表性,同時幫助我們限定地球地殼早期的演化過程。

3 結論

本次研究在華夏地塊龍泉地區的硅質巖中首次發現兩顆～4100 Ma的碎屑鋯石,其中一顆為亞洲最古老的鋯石(4127 Ma),另一顆記錄了全球最早的變質事件(～4070 Ma);它們極高的結晶溫度和異常高的氧逸度,證明冥古宙時地殼性質和構造環境存在多樣性,為認識地球早期大陸演化過程提供了的新證據。

致謝:北京SHRIMP中心的萬渝生研究員和南京大學的王孝磊教授在本文成文過程給予了極大的幫助,在此表示感謝。

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