定語從句與其他相似句式的區(qū)別

劉歡接

一、定語從句VS狀語從句

1.從語法功能角度：定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，在句中充當(dāng)定語，對其前面的名詞、代詞或先行成分（由主句的一部分或全部來充當(dāng)）進行修飾或限制；狀語從句相當(dāng)于副詞，在句中修飾主句或主句中的動詞。判斷的關(guān)鍵是：尋找是否有先行詞。有先行詞的從句是定語從句，無先行詞的從句是狀語從句。

例1 I am looking forward to the day _____ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

A. as B. why C. when D. where

解析：選C。考查定語從句。關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞day，在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。

例2 It was the middle of the night _____ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.

A. that B. as C. which D. when

解析：選D。考查狀語從句。when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。此題易誤選A項，原因是把此句看成了強調(diào)句型，要注意分析句子成分。

2.從句子結(jié)構(gòu)角度：定語從句關(guān)系詞后的從句部分句子成分殘缺，結(jié)構(gòu)不完整；狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞后面的從句部分句子成分完整，語意通順。

例3 I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_____ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

A. when B. where C. which D. why

解析：選A。考查定語從句。該句中的先行詞是the fifth grade，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語，用關(guān)系副詞when。

例4 Because of the heavy traffic，it was already time for lunch break _____ she got to her office.

A. since B. that C. when D. until

解析：選C。考查狀語從句。when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。

二、定語從句VS名詞性從句

1.從語法功能的角度：定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，在句中充當(dāng)定語，對其前面的名詞、代詞或先行成分（由主句的一部分或全部來充當(dāng)）進行修飾或限制；名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，在整個句子中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語或同位語。

例5 Please send us all the information _____ you have about the candidate for the position.

A. that B. which C. as D. what

解析：選A。考查定語從句。先行詞是information，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)及物動詞have的賓語，且先行詞用不定代詞all修飾，關(guān)系詞只能用that。

例6 Its good to know_____ the dogs will be well cared for while were away.

A. what B. whose C. which D. that

解析：選D。考查名詞性從句。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

2.從引導(dǎo)詞的角度：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞由其前面的先行詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謥泶_定，而名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞由從句內(nèi)部所缺成分來確定。

例7 Happiness and success often come to those _____ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

A. whom B. who C. what D. which

解析：選B。考查定語從句。who引導(dǎo)定語從句，其先行詞是those。它在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。

例8 How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on _____ he goes with， whether his friends or relatives.

A. what B. who C. how D. why

解析：選B。考查名詞性從句。who引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。

三、定語從句VS強調(diào)句

在that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，that是關(guān)系代詞，既代替先行詞，又在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語；強調(diào)句中的that是構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型（It is...that）的結(jié)構(gòu)詞。判斷強調(diào)句的方法是：將強調(diào)句中的“It is...that”這一框架去掉，剩下部分結(jié)構(gòu)完整，語意通順，合乎邏輯，句子便是強調(diào)句。

例9 Its not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do _____ makes life happy.

A. that B. which C. what D. who

解析：選A。考查強調(diào)句。把句中its和that去掉之后，句子仍成立。

四、定語從句VS并列句

1.從標(biāo)點符號的角度： 限制性定語從句與主句之間沒有標(biāo)點符號連接，非限制性定語從句與主句之間有逗號連接，而并列句之間用分號連接。

例10 He may win the competition；_____ he is likely to get into the national team.

A. in which case B. in that case

C. in what case D. in whose case

解析：選B。考查并列句。分號可以連接并列句。

例11 John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of _____are family members.

A. them B. that C. which D. whom

解析：選D。考查定語從句。whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

2.從連接詞的角度：定語從句用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞連接，而并列句用并列連詞（and，but，or，so等）連接。

例12 Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，_____ made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.

A. it B. that C. what D. which

解析：選D。考查定語從句。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

例13 Give me a chance，_____ Ill give you a wonderful surprise.

A. if B. or C. and D. while

解析：選C。考查并列句。本句是“祈使句+and+簡單句”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中祈使句相當(dāng)于一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。

五、定語從句VS獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

定語從句從形式方面和意義方面都具備了句子的基本要素，即主語和謂語。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式方面不具備句子的基本要素“主語和謂語”，只在意義方面具備邏輯主語和邏輯謂語。

例14 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，_____ uses it differently.

A. all of which B. each of which

C. all of them D. each of them

解析：選B。考查定語從句。首先根據(jù)空格后的uses使用的是單數(shù)第三人稱可知，空格處需用單數(shù)名詞或代詞，可排除A、C；再根據(jù)uses是謂語動詞可知，空格處是主語，只有each of which能充當(dāng)主語，并構(gòu)成定語從句。

例15 The Chicago Bulls used to be made up of the best basketball players in the United States，_____ black Americans.

A. most of them B. most of which

C. most of whom D. most of it

解析：選A。考查獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其中most of them是邏輯主語，black Americans前面省略了being。

（責(zé)任編校？筑彭益）