巧用結構法，妙解語法題

潘素洪

一、詞法結構

（一）偏正結構

1. 形容詞+名詞

【例1】 While there are _____（amaze） stories of instant transformation， for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】根據“形容詞+名詞”結構可知，stories前缺少形容詞。本空填amazing。

2. 冠詞+名詞

【例2】As a result，the _____（west）usually become very fat and have bad teeth.

【解析】根據“冠詞+名詞”結構，定冠詞后接west的名詞形式。根據語境，指人用westerner。又因為句子要保持主謂一致，所以填westerners。

3. 冠詞+形容詞+名詞

【例3】Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not _____ pleasant experience.

【解析】根據“冠詞+形容詞+名詞”結構，本空缺少冠詞，不定冠詞a是泛指，符合語境。

（二）動賓結構

在英語中充當及物動詞賓語的主要有名詞、代詞和動名詞，即“動詞+名詞”“動詞+代詞”“動詞+動名詞”結構。在語法填空題中，“動詞+名詞”和“動詞+動名詞”結構沒有被考查。本文中的動賓結構特指“動詞+代詞”結構。

【例4】He asked his teacher，“Sir，the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like _____？”

【解析】根據“動詞+代詞”結構，本空缺少代詞。由于及物動詞like（喜歡）后缺賓語，應填代詞的賓格形式，指代前句提及的the water，應填it。

（三）介賓結構

1. 介詞+名詞

【例5】Different species of octopuses may measure from two inches to over thirty feet in _____（long）.

【解析】根據“介詞+名詞”結構，本空在介詞后，缺少名詞，填long的名詞length。

2. 介詞+代詞

【例6】It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty（960～1279）was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about _____ day and night.

【解析】根據“介詞+代詞”結構，介詞about后缺賓語，本空缺少代詞。由句意或前后邏輯可知，應填it，指代前文中的（how）to help his crop grow up quickly。

3. 介詞+動名詞

【例7】After _____（take） it out of its package， he put a small frying pan onto the stoves gas burner.

【解析】根據“介詞+動名詞”的結構，介詞after后接動詞take的動名詞形式，本空填taking。

二、句法結構

（一）簡單句結構

1. 主語+謂語+賓語

【例8】A boy on a bike _____（catch） my attention.

【解析】根據“主語+謂語+賓語”簡單句結構，本句主語為“A boy on a bike”，后接謂語動詞。又因為本文時態選用一般過去時，所以填caught。

2. 主語+系動詞+表語

【例9】For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _____（please），because there were many empty seats in the room.

【解析】根據“主語+系動詞+表語”簡單句結構，本空缺少表語。又因為系動詞felt 后接形容詞作表語，所以填please的形容詞pleased。

3. 固定句型結構

【例10】It took years of work _____（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

【解析】根據“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”固定句型結構，填to reduce。

（二）并列句結構

【例11】There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and _____（disappoint）.

【解析】根據“單詞+and+單詞”并列句的簡略結構，前后單詞應保持形式一致。因此，填disappoint的形容詞disappointed。

（三）復雜句結構

1. 定語從句

（1）先行詞+定語從句

【例12】Maybe you leave a habit _____ is driving your family crazy.

【解析】根據“先行詞+限制性定語從句”結構，先行詞是habit，在從句中作主語，填which / that。

（2）先行詞，定語從句

【例13】Nicks guests，_____ had heard their conversation，asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.

【解析】根據“先行詞，非限制性定語從句”結構，先行詞是Nicks guests，在從句中作主語，填who。

2. 名詞性從句

（1）疑問詞+陳述句

【例14】The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _____ the boy would do.

【解析】根據“疑問詞+陳述句”結構，本題考查賓語從句的引導詞，引導賓語從句并在從句中作do的賓語，填what。

（2）that+陳述句

【例15】One day，he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.

【解析】根據“that+陳述句”結構，本題考查同位語從句的引導詞。he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches說明idea的具體內容，并且從句的結構和意義完整，填that。

3. 狀語從句

【例16】We understand this lesson best _____ we receive gifts of love from children.

【解析】根據狀語從句結構，本題考查時間狀語從句的引導詞，引導時間狀語從句，表示“當……時”，填when。

三、篇章結構

（一）代詞

【例17】Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk，but after some minutes _____ walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.

【解析】根據上下文，不難推出走開并坐到“我”附近的應是他后面的那些人，即other people，指人，是復數，作主語，應填they。

（二）冠詞

【例18】A young man，while traveling through a desert，came across a spring of clear water. _____ water was sweet.

【解析】根據篇章結構，本題考查冠詞。前面出現過water，后面再次提到，應該填定冠詞The。

（三）疑問詞

【例19】Ahh，_____ a sandwich，he thought，as he sat down eating.

【解析】根據what引導的感嘆句結構變式 “what+名詞”以及句意可知，填what。

（責任編校？筑彭益）