楊飛鴿
短文改錯的目的是測試考生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷、糾正一些詞法、句法以及語篇中行文邏輯等方面錯誤的能力。它既能考查考生詞匯和語法方面的能力,也能考查考生的閱讀理解能力。
一、詞法的測試
1.名詞。名詞單復數(shù)的誤用,普通格和所有格的區(qū)別,名詞前需不需要加冠詞等。如:
There was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.
分析:cup為可數(shù)名詞,且此處是泛指的概念,應(yīng)該用cup的復數(shù)形式cups。
2.冠詞。定冠詞the 和不定冠詞a/an 的區(qū)別,不定冠詞a 和an 的區(qū)別以及冠詞的慣用法等。如:
There was a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught.
分析:and 后要加a,第一次提到的某物,其前應(yīng)應(yīng)用不定冠詞a,即a fish。
3.形容詞和副詞。形容詞和副詞的混用,比較級和最高級的運用,是否誤用或多用了相似詞等。如:
To make matters bad,now I have to share a room with my younger sister,Maggie.
分析:to make matters worse 是固定搭配,意為“事情更糟的是”,bad 要用比較級worse。
Interesting,it had a connection with the British porcelain industry.
分析:副詞放在句首單獨使用,修飾全句,形容詞“Interesting”應(yīng)改為副詞“Interestingly”。
4.介詞。介詞與動詞或形容詞的搭配,介詞辨析,介詞省略,介詞漏用,介詞的慣用法等。如:
Ill think quickly and stand to answer.
分析:stand up 意為“站起來”,是習慣用法,應(yīng)該在stand后加上up。
Every day,he spends too much time with his work.
分析:spend ... on sth.是一個固定搭配,意為“把……花費在某物上”,with 應(yīng)該改為on。
5.代詞。代詞重點考查人稱代詞的格,指示代詞,關(guān)系代詞與從句的關(guān)系,即人稱代詞用賓格還是用主格,代詞前后指代是否一致,定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞是否誤用。如:
He had a deep voice,which set himself apart from others in our small town.
分析:先行詞為a deep voice,不是he,用him 作set 的賓語,himself 應(yīng)該改為him。
Dad lost his job,and as Mom explained,“He was lucky to find other one.”
分析:other意為“其他的”,其用法是“the other+n.”或者(the)others。another意為“又一,另一個”,后跟可數(shù)名詞或代詞,other 應(yīng)該改為another。
6.動詞。動詞重點考查時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致、非謂語動詞的使用、情態(tài)動詞的運用、動詞辨析等。如:
He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people.
分析:at 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟動名詞,talk 應(yīng)該改為talking。
Do you want to know why we move last week?
分析:根據(jù)時間狀語last week 可知,應(yīng)該使用一般過去時,move 應(yīng)改為moved 。
7.連詞。主要考查連詞的選擇、遞進、轉(zhuǎn)折等區(qū)別,重點在于理順句意。如:
We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents.
分析:so 意為“因此”,表示結(jié)果,語境表明要用連詞or,表示“要不然”。
That is which other teachers say.
分析:此處應(yīng)用what 引導表語從句,表示陳述意義,且在從句中作say 的賓語,which 應(yīng)改為what。
His new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmates,my school or just everything else I love in the world.
分析:句子中“my classmates,my school” 和just everything else 屬于并列關(guān)系,無選擇含義,or 應(yīng)改為and 。
8.邏輯關(guān)系。句子中平行結(jié)構(gòu)及并列連詞的使用錯誤,固定短語和習慣用語的搭配不當?shù)取H纾?/p>
I paid visit to Mr. Johnson.
分析:pay a visit to sb.是一個固定搭配短語,意為“看望某人”,pay后的a 不能省略,是慣用法。
I wanted to give up,and my grandfather told me to wait a little longer.
分析:前后兩個句子之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,and 表示順承,表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系應(yīng)使用but,and 應(yīng)改為but。
However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.
分析:本句意為“他是我曾經(jīng)認識的最溫和的人”,用ever表示“曾經(jīng)”,never應(yīng)改為ever。
二、句法的測試
句法的測試包括:主謂語在數(shù)上的一致,名詞性從句,定語從句,強調(diào)句型,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的連貫性、完整性、對等性和邏輯性。如:
Hard work have made him very ill.
分析:hard work 是名詞短語作主語,謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù),have 應(yīng)改為has 。
Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.
分析:句子的主語是you,不是dear diary,所以謂語動詞應(yīng)使用are。
三、語篇的測試
1.上下文的時態(tài)是否一致,在一種時態(tài)中間夾雜著另一種時態(tài),動詞謂語與非謂語形式、非謂語動詞之間的誤用。如:
Felt hungry,we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
分析:分詞作狀語時,動詞與句子主語之間如果是主動關(guān)系,就要用現(xiàn)在分詞,“Felt ”應(yīng)改為“Feeling” 。
2.上下文中的代詞是否一致,主要是代詞的格與數(shù)的錯誤。如男性代詞與女性代詞的混用,單數(shù)與復數(shù)的混用,形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的混用等。如:
We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.
分析:修飾名詞,作其前置定語要用形容詞性物主代詞,ours 應(yīng)該改為our。
I was eager to see him,but outside her room I stopped.
分析:由前面的him 可知,此處應(yīng)該用his 與之對應(yīng),her 應(yīng)該改為his。
3. 上下文中的邏輯是否一致:but,and,so,however,otherwise 等一些并列連詞和連接副詞的誤用;before,after,when,until,since 等狀語從句引導詞的誤用;肯定和否定的誤用等。如:
Before waiting for about half an hour,I was beginning to get impatiently.
分析:根據(jù)前后兩個動作之間的先后關(guān)系可知,等了大約半個小時后,“我”開始變得不耐煩,“Before”應(yīng)該改為“After”。
4.上下文中的詞、短語、從句的替代是否正確。如:
Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,that might not be served until 8 oclock at night.
分析:逗號前為非限制性定語從句,先行詞為dinner,指物,that應(yīng)該改為which。
(責任編校?筑彭益)