無與倫比的聽覺沖擊

文/五花肉

無與倫比的聽覺沖擊

Incomparable Auditory Experience

文/五花肉

音樂藝術是人類最偉大、最動人的創造之一。交響音樂在音樂藝術中最為復雜，也是最有特殊魅力的藝術形式。它以豐富多彩的表現手法和強烈的藝術表現力，為人們開拓了一個廣袤無垠、深邃無比的音樂世界。

Music is one of the greatest and the most moving arts of human being. Symphony is the most sophisticated and most attractive one in the musical art. Featuring affluent and strong artistic expressive, symphony creates vast and profound world of music.

以管弦樂隊為媒 Media of Orchestra

“交響”一詞，源于古希臘文Symphonia，是“和聲”、“同時發響”的意思。交響音樂發展到現代，其表現形式也有了統一的標準，即采用大型管弦樂隊（交響樂隊）為媒介。由于交響音樂在音色的豐富性、速度的沖擊力、力度的層次感、氣勢的宏偉度等方面具備顯著優勢，因此它在表現戰爭、死亡、悲愴等嚴肅而重大的命題時，會展現出獨奏或重奏類器樂體裁所無法比擬的潛質。例如，貝多芬《“命運”交響曲》第I樂章發展部里以“命運動機”在各樂器聲部上此起彼伏，總譜中12種樂器的22個分部上密布著短促、高低不一的音符，給聽者帶來震撼的聽覺沖擊。

Originating from the ancient Greek word “Symphonia“, the word “Symphony“ means “Concord“ and “Sound simultaneously “. Currently, symphony has developed its own standard namely media of orchestra. Thanks to the colorful expression; compulsive force and Intensity of hierarchy; symphony has much more advantage than other instruments in the expression of war; death and sorrow. For example, the development of fi rst chapter in Beethoven's Fate Symphony regards the collection of various voice parts as “Power of fate“. The score consists of 22 voice parts; 12 kinds of instruments and different musical notes, which brings powerful experience to the audience.

聆聽：貝多芬《“命運”交響曲》

Listening： Beethoven's Fate Symphony

源自歌劇的交響曲 Symphony Originating from Opera

當代交響音樂(即18世紀后半葉海頓以來的交響樂)，主要是指交響樂隊演奏的多樂章的交響曲、交響詩、協奏曲、組曲和音樂會序曲、歌劇序曲和舞劇音樂等。其中，又以交響曲最具代表特色。

The modern symphony (the symphony in the late 18th century from Haydn's era) means the collection of symphony music; symphonic poem; concerto; cento; Concert Overture; ballet music, among which the symphony music is the typical.

早期的交響曲由17世紀末意大利式歌劇序曲演變而來。序曲的“快板—慢板—快板”的三段形式，為交響曲的套曲形式打下了基礎。到18世紀，序曲性質的交響曲脫離歌劇，吸收大協奏曲、組曲及三重奏鳴曲的因素，發展成獨立的三樂章的器樂體裁。但由于曲式尚未最后確立，交響樂隊的編制也未成形，因此當時的交響曲仍屬器樂重奏及小型樂隊演奏的作品。隨后，維也納樂派的M.G.莫恩首先在他的《D大間交響曲》（1740）的慢板樂章后，插入一個小步舞曲樂章，創造了四樂章交響曲形式，成為現代交響曲的標準雛形。

The early symphony music evolved from Italian Concert Overture in the late 17th century. The rhythm of “allegretto-lento-allegretto“ was the basic standard of symphony. In the 18th century, symphony separated from opera; integrated the factors of concerto grosso; cento; and Trio Sonata; and developed threemovement mode. Nevertheless, lacking in standard for orchestra system and rhythm mode, symphony still fell into the sphere of Instrumental ensemble music. Then, M.G. Moen of Vienna school inserted a minuet chapter after lento chapter in his work“ D major symphony“(1740), which created mode of instrumental quartet and formulated the embryonic form of modern symphony.

聆聽：M.G.莫恩《D大間交響曲》

Listening： M.G.Moen's D major symphony

有趣的樂隊編制標準 Interesting Band System Standards

交響樂隊是交響音樂與聽眾的媒介。現代交響樂隊一般包括四組樂器，即弦樂組、木管組、銅管組和打擊樂組。在演奏時，交響樂隊會根據作品風格的需要，分為不同的編制。如單管編制、雙管編制、三管編制、四管編制等等。現代交響樂隊以木管作為判定編制的標準：“雙管”編制的樂隊（總人數約有60余人）；“三管”編制的樂隊（總人數約有90余人）；“四管”編制的樂隊（總人數約有110多人）。為了使各組樂器之間數量的比例合理，隨著木管樂器的增減，弦樂器及其他樂器的數量也要隨之變化，以保持聲部音響的平衡。

Orchestra is the combination of music and audience. Orchestra usually consists of 4 groups of musical instruments including string group; woodwind group; brass wind group and percussion group. In the concert the orchestra will have different establishment in accordance with music style including single woodwind system; double woodwind system; trio woodwind system and quartet woodwind system. Modern orchestra has standards for system in accordance with the number of woodwind instruments namely double system of 60 players; trio system of 90 players and quartet system of 110 players. To optimize the system and keep balance of voice parts, number of other instruments shall change with the number of woodwind instruments.

樂隊席位里的門道 Rules of Orchestra Arrangement

交響樂隊中包括了數10種不同類別的樂器，并且由于交響樂隊中包括了數10種特色與個性鮮明的各類樂器，因此它們的排序直接影響著聽眾的感官體驗。經過一百多年的努力探索和實踐，交響樂團的席位排列原則有了相對固定的標準。比如，弦樂組是交響樂隊的基礎，其音色能給人以親切感，一般排在最靠近觀眾的舞臺前面；木管組樂器種類較多、音色突出，所以需要分門別類的排列在弦樂組之后，即樂隊中間部位；銅管樂器和打擊樂器，由于音量宏大且富有刺激性，因此排在樂隊的最后面或后側面；豎琴和其他彈撥樂器則通常排在樂隊的左右兩側。

Thank to the collection of dozens kinds of different instruments, orchestra arrangement has direct influence on audience experience. In the past 100 years, orchestra arrangement has developed standards. According to the standards, string group, the basic of the system, sounds graceful so string group is to be located near the audience. Woodwind group is to be located in the middle behind string group because of its complex structure. Because of great volume, brass wind group and percussion group are to be located at the back of the orchestra. Harp and other plucked instruments are to be located on the left or the right.

交響音樂的美最終體現在聽眾的創造性審美中，人們在享受音樂的同時，與作曲家產生共鳴，完成心靈的升華。

The aesthetics symphony music reflects in the audience creative aesthetics. Audience will resonate with the composers and achieve sublimation of the mind while enjoying the music.

（支持單位：上海市質量和標準化研究院）