例析全國卷完形填空中的虛詞考查

丁玉芬

從2016年起，湖北省高考英語科將不再單獨命題，而是采用教育部考試中心命制的全國卷試題。全國卷完形填空有一些題目考查同學們的語法知識。雖然這樣的題目不多，但是只要是高考考查的內容，我們就應該認真對待。通過對近年來全國卷完形填空試題的分析，考查語法知識的題目基本上可以分為以下幾類。

考查介詞和副詞的用法

例1 （2015年高考新課標Ⅰ卷）In the store， I asked each of my kids to give something they thought our “friend” there would appreciate. They got apples， a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card. I thought about it. We were low on cash ourselves， but ... well， sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is 50 what we need to do！

50. A. yet B. even

C. still D. just

解析 D。本段大意為“我讓我的每個孩子給那里的朋友們一些他們會喜歡的禮物。有的提議給他們蘋果、三明治和一瓶果汁，我17歲的兒子建議我們給他一張禮品卡。我們雖然自己都缺錢用，但有時候給別人我們自己也需要的，而不是我們富余的東西正是我們要做的事情。”此題考查just表示強調的用法，意為“剛好是，正好是”。

例2 （2014年高考全國大綱卷）He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain. He couldnt walk， but he managed to get out of the crevasse and started to move towards their camp， nearly ten kilometers 51 .

51. A. around B. away

C. above D. along

解析 B。此句意為“雖然不能行走，但他設法成功地從裂縫中爬了出來，開始朝10公里之外的營地爬回去”。此處考查away表示“相距……”的意思。

例3 （2014年高考新課標Ⅰ卷）As a general rule， all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis ... Before people retire， they usually plan to do a lot of great things， which they never had time to do while working. But 58 after retirement， the golfing， the fishing， the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they left.

58. A. only B. well

C. even D. soon

解析 D。一般而言，任何一種活動，做的次數多了都會令人厭倦。人們退休之前通常會計劃在退休之后做很多很棒但目前無法做的事。但是退休之后，像高爾夫、釣魚、看書等等其他的活動很快同他們放下的工作一樣令人厭倦。第二、三句之間有對比關系，比較了退休之前與退休之后的情況。此題考查soon表示“……之后不久”的用法。

例4 （2011年高考全國Ⅱ卷）The worst time to fall asleep is when driving. Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall into sleep and go 36 the road.

36. A. up B. off

C. along D. down

解析 B。警方報告多起事故發生的原因是司機睡著了，把車開出了馬路。此處考查off表示“偏離……；離開……”的意思。

例5 （2010年高考全國Ⅱ卷）A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting 24 . We had been close as children but had grown apart.

24. A. through B. together

C. along D. away

解析 C. 幾年前，我和哥哥的關系相處得不好。小時候我們之間很親密，但后來關系疏遠了。此題考查動詞短語get along表示“相處得好”的用法。

例6 （2010年高考全國Ⅱ卷）Rereading the letter， I was driven by its humor （幽默） and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my older brother but thought he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 34 . And with that one letter we became friends 35 .

32. A. never B. seldom

C. sometimes D. once

34. A. well B. often

C. much D. soon

35. A. later B. anyhow

C. too D. again

解析 32. D。重讀這封信，我被信里的聰明、幽默表達所感動。曾幾何時，這些品質恰好是我尊重哥哥的原因，我以為他已經不再具有這些品質了。考查時間副詞once表示“曾經”。

34. A. 我從來都不知道他可以寫的如此之好。考查well修飾動詞，強調寫得非常好。

35. D. 正因為這封信，我們又成為了好朋友。考查again表示“又一次；再一次”。

點撥 綜上，我們可以得知完形填空對介詞和副詞的考查主要以以下三種形式出現：

1. 考查與動詞的固定搭配；

2. 考查時間或地點副詞的意義；

3. 考查其他對動詞或形容詞起修飾作用的副詞。

準確理解上下文，把握四個選項之間的區別，是做對這類題目的關鍵。

考查關聯詞的使用

例7 （2015年高考新課標Ⅱ卷）Through the first two games， her team did not get one serious shot on goal. As a parent， I hated seeing my daughter playing her best， 50 still defeated.

50. A. if B. or

C. but D. as

解析 C。作為家長，我不愿意看到女兒雖然盡了自己最大的努力去打好比賽，卻仍然被打敗。兩個分句之間存在轉折關系，所以選擇but。

例8 （2015年高考新課標Ⅰ卷）When I handed him the gift card， saying he could use it for 54， his family might need， he burst into tears.

54. A. whoever B. whatever

C. whichever D. whenever

解析 B。我給了他一張禮品卡，告訴他可以用它來購買他家人可能需要的任何東西。此題考查whatever引導賓語從句，表“任何事物”。

例9 （2012年高考全國Ⅱ卷）Around twenty years ago I was living in York. 21 I had a lot of experience and a Masters degree， I could not find satisfying work.

21. A. As B. Though

C. If D. When

解析 B。第二句話前半句講作者經驗豐富，而且有一個碩士學位，后半句講作者找不到令人滿意的工作，兩個分句之間是轉轉關系，所以選擇Though。

例10 （2012年全國Ⅱ卷）As I pulled the bus over to drop off little girl， she handed me an earring saying I should keep it 30 somebody claimed （認領） it.

30. A. in case B. or else

C. as if D. now that

解析 A。小女孩遞給我一個耳環，讓我保管好，以防有人來認領。兩個分句之間存在條件關系，所以選擇引導條件狀語從句的in case。

點撥 完形填空對關聯詞的考查主要有以下兩種形式：

1. 考查上下文的邏輯關系；

2. 考查各類型從句的引導詞。

在做這種類型的題目時，首先要讀懂空白處前后的內容，理清兩個分句之間的邏輯關系，然后確定準確的選項。不能確定的可以把每個選項代入原文，看能不能構成意義上合乎邏輯的整體。有些題目還需要借助相應的語法知識，通過語法分析確定適當的連接詞。

考查代詞的使用

例11 （2012年高考全國Ⅱ卷）That night there was a phone call for 36 from a lady who was a director at a larger hospital. She asked me if I would give a one-day lecture on stress （壓力） management to 200 medical workers. I said yes.

36. A. her B. a passenger

C. me D. my friend

解析 C。從第二句中可知，她問我是否愿意給她們的醫務人員做演講，所以電話是打給我的。

例12 （2011年高考全國Ⅱ卷）There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings. A man will be reading the newspaper， and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it. Or he will fall sleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him. 26 place where unplanned short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall where a student will start snoring （打鼾） so loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake.

26. A. Next B. Every

C. Another D. One

解析 C。根據前文內容可知，有時候人們太疲憊了，幾乎在任何地方都可以睡著，空前舉了公汽和火車上的例子，空后舉了課堂上的例子。所以應該填表示“另外一個”地方的Another。

例13 （2010年高考全國Ⅱ卷）These were all qualities for which I had once respected my older brother but thought he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so well. And with that one letter we became friends again.

It might never have occurred to 36 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no phones.

36. A.us B. anyone else

C. someone D. my brother

解析 D。第一段參見例6解釋。第二段含有一個虛擬語氣，如果他不是處在一個沒有電話的地方，他也許永遠不會想起要給我寫信。此題考查考生準確識別代詞he所指代的對象的能力。

點撥 完形填空考查代詞的題目不多，找準代詞所指代的對象是準確答題的關鍵。一般解答這類題目需要結合上下文，找出名詞和代詞之間的對應關系。

考查形容詞或副詞的用法

例14 （2015年高考新課標Ⅱ卷）My daughter plays on a recreational soccer team. They did well this season and so entered a tournament， which normally was only for more skilled club teams. This led to some painful experiences on Saturday as they played against teams 47 trained.

47. A. less B. poorly

C. newly D. better

解析 D。本賽季女兒的足球隊進入了錦標賽，通常參加錦標賽的都是實力更強的俱樂部。這導致了周六與受過更好訓練的球隊比賽時的一些令人痛苦的經歷。此題考查副詞well的比較級形式。

點撥 完形填空對形容詞和副詞的考查主要以考查詞意的形式出現，單純考查比較級和最高級的題目出現得比較少，遇到這類題目首先要考慮的是句子中有沒有比較結構，如果有的話找出比較的對象，確定是比較級還是最高級，然后根據意義和搭配確定是哪個形容詞或者副詞的變化形式。